Commonly Confused Words
Transkript
Commonly Confused Words
www.enago.com.tr İngilizce Akademik Düzenleme Commonly Confused Words Part I Sıklıkla Karışan Kelimeler- Bölüm 1 COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS (Part – I) SIKLIKLA KARIŞAN KELIMELER (Bölüm 1) www.enago.com.tr Contents Commonly Confused Words, Part - I I. absorption and adsorption ................................................. 2 II. adapt and adopt ................................................................. 4 III. among and between ........................................................... 6 IV. compose, comprise, consist, constitute and form ............... 7 V. concept and idea ................................................................ 9 VI. continual and continuous ................................................. 11 VII. cooperate and collaborate................................................ 13 VIII. dosage and dose ............................................................... 14 IX. endemic, epidemic, pandemic ........................................... 15 Enago INSTACoverLetter ile ücretsiz olarak dergi ve yayın evleri için iyi yazılmış ve bilgilendirici kapak yazısı elde edin. Daha fazla öğrenin >> www.enago.com.tr COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS (Part – I) SIKLIKLA KARIŞAN KELIMELER (Bölüm 1) www.enago.com.tr Commonly Confused Words, Part - I Do you face issues in choosing the apt term amongst words such as adapt and adopt; dosage and dose and similar terms? When two words are confused for one another the results can sometimes have severe consequences on your academic work and publication possibility. To help you avoid such mishaps we have compiled a list of the English language’s most commonly confused words and given the two words in each pair a definition so that you can appreciate the differences which are sometimes quite subtle and other times more substantial. Enago Proofreading hizmeti ile makalenizinin genel sunumunu ve dil bilgisini geliştirin. Daha fazla öğrenin >> www.enago.com.tr 1 COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS (Part – I) SIKLIKLA KARIŞAN KELIMELER (Bölüm 1) www.enago.com.tr I. absorption and adsorption The nouns absorption and adsorption are often confused. Below is the definition of these terms as used in scientific fields and example sentences demonstrating proper usage. absorption (1) biology: A diffusion-driven process through which a substance enters a cell by passing through its membrane. (2) chemistry, physics: A process through which one object or substance takes in and holds another within its boundary. (3) physics: A process through which an object or substance takes in and holds energy within its boundary. The following illustrate proper usage of absorption, along with its verb form, absorb: (1) We study the absorption of radiation in Earth’s atmosphere. (2) The absorption of water by leaves is treated in Winter’s book. (3) They measured the rate of absorption of the drug into the bloodstream. (4) When the polymer melt exhibiting hexagonal structure absorbs a solvent of this class, it first swells, retaining its hexagonal structure, and then exhibits a transition to a disordered state at a critical solvent density. Enago Sürekli Düzenleme ile bilimsel hakemli dergilerde makalenizin kabul edilme şansını arttırın. Daha fazla öğrenin >> www.enago.com.tr 2 COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS (Part – I) SIKLIKLA KARIŞAN KELIMELER (Bölüm 1) www.enago.com.tr adsorption A process through which the molecules of a fluid become affixed to the surface of an object. The following illustrate proper usage of adsorption, along with its verb form, adsorb: (5) Here we are chiefly concerned with reducing adsorption of nitrogen on the surfaces of the test masses. (6) When biomaterials are introduced into biological media, proteins adsorb onto the material surface. (7) In many cases, adsorbed molecules can form only a single layer, and hence adsorption ceases when the surface of the adsorbent is covered. However, there are situations in which multiple adsorption layers can form. Enago Sürekli Düzenleme ile bilimsel hakemli dergilerde makalenizin kabul edilme şansını arttırın. Daha fazla öğrenin >> www.enago.com.tr 3 COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS (Part – I) SIKLIKLA KARIŞAN KELIMELER (Bölüm 1) www.enago.com.tr II. adapt and adopt The verbs adapt and adopt are often confused. Particularly common is the misuse of adopt when the intended meaning is that of adapt. This misuse creates a serious problem, because the meanings expressed by these verbs are quite different: The meaning of adapt is to appropriately alter for a particular purpose or to appropriately change to suit a particular environment, while that of adopt is to choose or accept (e.g., for use). The semantic difference between these verbs is elucidated by the following sentences. (1) We adopted this indirect measurement technique for use in in vitro experiments. (2) We adapted this indirect measurement technique for use in in vitro experiments. The uses of both adapt and adopt here are correct. However, the meanings expressed by these sentences differ significantly. In (1), “adopted” simply expresses the meaning that this “measurement technique” was used in the “in vitro experiments,” with no special meaning included. Contrastingly, “adapted” in (2) implies that to allow application to the experiments in question, this technique was altered and prepared in a manner specific to these experiments, with the aim of maximal effectiveness. Enago Dergi Seçme Yardımcısı ile makalenizi göndereceğiniz doğru dergiyi bulun. Daha fazla öğrenin >> www.enago.com.tr 4 www.enago.com.tr COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS (Part – I) SIKLIKLA KARIŞAN KELIMELER (Bölüm 1) Below are some examples illustrating most common misuses Note of adopt, along with their Illustrations show sentences corrected forms. demonstrating common (3) We adopt the model of Webber et al. by replacing the unidirectional types of mistakes, are numbered with red numerals. Sentences demonstrating intergenerational transfer proper usage are numbered mechanism with a self- with black numerals. adjusting bidirectional mechanism. (4) This perturbative analysis is adopted to investigation of the physical realizability problem. (3) We adapt the model of Webber et al. by replacing the unidirectional intergenerational transfer mechanism with a self-adjusting bidirectional mechanism. (3’) We adopt the model of Webber et al., first generalizing it by replacing the unidirectional intergenerational transfer mechanism with a self-adjusting bidirectional mechanism. (4) This perturbative analysis is adapted to investigation of the physical realizability problem. (4’) This perturbative analysis is adopted for investigation of the physical realizability problem. 10 yıldan fazla tecrübeye sahip bir grup güçlü editörün yardımı ile makalenizin en ünlü dergilerde yayınlanmasını sağlayın. Daha fazla öğrenin >> www.enago.com.tr 5 COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS (Part – I) SIKLIKLA KARIŞAN KELIMELER (Bölüm 1) www.enago.com.tr III. among and between The prepositions among and between are used similarly and express nearly identical meanings, but there is one important difference between them. This difference is demonstrated by the following sentences. between Between is used to express a relationship involving two things: (1) A reaction between two unstable compounds resulted in an explosion. among Among is used to express a relationship or relationships involving three or more things: (2) The separation of sequences among DNA fragments was done using gel electrophoresis. Enago INSTACoverLetter ile ücretsiz olarak dergi ve yayın evleri için iyi yazılmış ve bilgilendirici kapak yazısı elde edin. Daha fazla öğrenin >> www.enago.com.tr 6 COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS (Part – I) SIKLIKLA KARIŞAN KELIMELER (Bölüm 1) www.enago.com.tr IV. compose, comprise, consist, constitute and form The verbs compose, comprise, consist, constitute and form are all similar, but there are important differences among them with regard to both usage and meaning. Here, I discuss the distinguishing characteristics of each. First, let us consider the following examples, demonstrating proper usage. (1) The brain is composed of neurons and neuroglia. (2) This set consists of only four points. (3) Their approach constitutes a general method for constructing solutions to this class of equations. (4) This symphony comprises three completely independent and seemingly unrelated movements. (5) With the operation defined above, these four elements form a group. The above sentences illustrate the important characteristics of each verb. Below is discussion elucidating these. The verb consist simply expresses the meaning that something possesses as its components or constituent pieces some other things. Further, the expression “A consists of B, C and D” would be interpreted to mean that there are no components or constituent pieces of A other than B, C and D. Compose is similar Enago Proofreading hizmeti ile makalenizinin genel sunumunu ve dil bilgisini geliştirin. Daha fazla öğrenin >> www.enago.com.tr 7 COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS (Part – I) SIKLIKLA KARIŞAN KELIMELER (Bölüm 1) www.enago.com.tr to consist in that it describes the situation in which some components or constituent pieces make up some composite whole, but it expresses the additional meaning that these components or constituent pieces came together to form the structure of the whole through some process or procedure. An expression of the form “A constitutes B” expresses a somewhat indirect meaning. Rather than simply meaning that B is made up of A, it conveys the idea that the thing which is composed of B is equivalent to A or meets the criterion to be regarded as A. In most cases, comprise expresses a meaning similar to that of consist of, but it can also be used as a synonym of include. Finally, form expresses the meaning that the pieces contained in a whole possess some relations through which this whole becomes more than merely a collection of the pieces. Enago Sürekli Düzenleme ile bilimsel hakemli dergilerde makalenizin kabul edilme şansını arttırın. Daha fazla öğrenin >> www.enago.com.tr 8 COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS (Part – I) SIKLIKLA KARIŞAN KELIMELER (Bölüm 1) www.enago.com.tr V. concept and idea The nouns concept and idea are quite similar in meaning, and in ordinary usage, they are often interchangeable. However, there are significant differences between these nouns, and when used in academic papers, they should be distinguished. There are three main differences between them. The first is that concept is generally understood as expressing a more abstract meaning. For this reason, it is used quite frequently in scientific and mathematical fields, in which abstraction plays a particularly important role. The second difference is that concept is more naturally used in reference to something that can be defined and described precisely. By contrast, idea is often used in reference to things that cannot be described in a precise manner or are somewhat (or very) poorly defined. The third difference is that idea has a much broader meaning, possessing a number of definitions that concept lacks. The two main meanings of concept are similar to those of abstraction or construct and understanding or comprehension, respectively. These are illustrated by the following. (1) The concept of the infinitesimal limit played a key role in the development of calculus. (2) Scientists at that time yet had no concept of how to treat experimental uncertainty. If “concept” above were replaced with idea, although these sentences would be understandable, they would be somewhat Enago Dergi Seçme Yardımcısı ile makalenizi göndereceğiniz doğru dergiyi bulun. Daha fazla öğrenin >> www.enago.com.tr 9 COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS (Part – I) SIKLIKLA KARIŞAN KELIMELER (Bölüm 1) www.enago.com.tr unnatural, due to the semantic differences explained above. Finally, here are few examples demonstrating typical uses of idea. (3) The idea of treating the input and the output on the same footing is quite novel. (4) In that paper, the authors develop an idea that was first discussed in Ref. [3]. (5) I had no idea that you were coming. (6) His idea about how to proceed is quite unconventional. (7) I once had the idea of becoming an artist. Although concept would not be ‘wrong’ in (3) and (4), idea is more appropriate. In the cases of (5)–(7), concept would be entirely inappropriate. 10 yıldan fazla tecrübeye sahip bir grup güçlü editörün yardımı ile makalenizin en ünlü dergilerde yayınlanmasını sağlayın. Daha fazla öğrenin >> www.enago.com.tr 10 COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS (Part – I) SIKLIKLA KARIŞAN KELIMELER (Bölüm 1) www.enago.com.tr VI. continual and continuous The adjectives continual and continuous (and their adverbial forms continually and continuously) express similar meanings, and in informal usage, they are often interchangeable. However, strictly interpreted, their meanings are not the same, and in formal written English, and particularly in academic papers, they should be distinguished. Both of these adjectives describe a situation in which some conditions or state does not cease. The difference in their meanings is that while continuous depicts behavior or conditions that are uninterrupted, continual applies to situations in which some behavior or condition appears repeatedly, with interruptions between. The following examples elucidate the difference between continual(ly) and continuous(ly). (1) The visitors have made continual requests to be moved to another room. (2) After continually attempting to measure the signal directly, we eventually gave up and constructed an indirect and more generally applicable method. (3) The herons continually returned to the same marsh to feed. (4) We assume that the pressure is a continuous function of the volume during the operation. (5) The patient is continuously monitored. (6) This power plant generally operates with a continuous Enago INSTACoverLetter ile ücretsiz olarak dergi ve yayın evleri için iyi yazılmış ve bilgilendirici kapak yazısı elde edin. Daha fazla öğrenin >> www.enago.com.tr 11 COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS (Part – I) SIKLIKLA KARIŞAN KELIMELER (Bölüm 1) www.enago.com.tr output of 22 MW. Enago INSTACoverLetter ile ücretsiz olarak dergi ve yayın evleri için iyi yazılmış ve bilgilendirici kapak yazısı elde edin. Daha fazla öğrenin >> www.enago.com.tr 12 COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS (Part – I) SIKLIKLA KARIŞAN KELIMELER (Bölüm 1) www.enago.com.tr VII. cooperate and collaborate The verbs cooperate and collaborate are close in meaning, both being approximately synonymous with work together. However, there is an important distinction between the two, and generally they cannot be used interchangeably. The main difference between cooperate and collaborate regards the broadness of their meanings. Of these terms, cooperate expresses a more broadly defined meaning and conveys the idea of simply ‘combining effort’. While collaborate also contains this meaning, it expresses a much more precise idea. Specifically, rather than simply ‘combining effort’, collaborate expresses the idea of ‘working to produce a particular result through combined effort’. Thus, whereas cooperate places emphasis on the process of combining effort itself, collaborate places emphasis on the desired result of this process. The following sentences demonstrate correct usage of cooperate and collaborate, as well as their noun forms, cooperation and collaboration. (1) Thomas and Yamada have collaborated on several research projects. (2) We are presently collaborating on three papers. (3) Their collaboration produced important results. (4) The patient did not cooperate with her physical therapist. (5) Your cooperation in dealing with this problem is requested. (6) The referee did not cooperate with the editor. Enago Proofreading hizmeti ile makalenizinin genel sunumunu ve dil bilgisini geliştirin. Daha fazla öğrenin >> www.enago.com.tr 13 COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS (Part – I) SIKLIKLA KARIŞAN KELIMELER (Bölüm 1) www.enago.com.tr VIII. dosage and dose The medical terms dosage and dose are closely related, but they express different meanings. Below is the definition of each word, along with an illustrative example. dose: the prescribed amount of medicine per administration. (1) Each packet contains one dose. dosage: the prescribed amount of medicine per administration, frequency of administrations and duration of treatment. (2) The dosage was increased in size, frequency and duration. The following sentences further illustrate the proper usage of these two nouns. (3) The patient has two more doses remaining in the prescribed dosage. (4) The failure to complete the full dosage of an antibiotic can in some cases contribute to the target bacteria becoming resistant to that antibiotic. Enago Sürekli Düzenleme ile bilimsel hakemli dergilerde makalenizin kabul edilme şansını arttırın. Daha fazla öğrenin >> www.enago.com.tr 14 COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS (Part – I) SIKLIKLA KARIŞAN KELIMELER (Bölüm 1) www.enago.com.tr IX. endemic, epidemic, pandemic The words endemic, epidemic and pandemic are often confused. Here I explain the differences among these terms as they are used in the field of public health. Endemic is chiefly used as an adjective. (When used as a noun, it is an abbreviated form of endemic disease.) When used as an adjective, endemic means ‘peculiar to a particular time, place or group’. Hence, endemic disease refers to a disease whose scope of influence is quite limited. Additionally, endemic disease does not include the meaning of temporary prevalence, and thus it is understood as a long-term or permanent phenomenon. Contrastingly, epidemic refers to a short-term outbreak of a disease that suddenly grows in prominence, spreads rapidly, and then suddenly loses prominence. An epidemic is not regarded as being confined to a particular group or region, nor is it regarded as being long term in nature. Pandemic is very similar in meaning to epidemic, with the only difference being that of scale. Usually, pandemic refers to the outbreak of a communicable disease that has influence on a national or global scale. The following sentences demonstrate proper use of these three nouns, along with their adjectival forms. (1) In order for an infectious disease to be endemic to a region, each infected person must, on average, infect one Enago Dergi Seçme Yardımcısı ile makalenizi göndereceğiniz doğru dergiyi bulun. Daha fazla öğrenin >> www.enago.com.tr 15 COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS (Part – I) SIKLIKLA KARIŞAN KELIMELER (Bölüm 1) www.enago.com.tr other person; if the transmission rate is lower, the disease will die out, while if it is higher, the infection rate will increase exponentially, and the disease will become epidemic. (2) An epidemic will eventually disappear or leave an endemic disease. In either case, however, there is the chance that an epidemic may reappear in the future. (3) The first influenza pandemic of the 21st century was the “swine flu” (Influenza A/H1N1) outbreak of 2009–2010. It was first reported in Mexico and eventually spread throughout the world, killing over 6,000 people. Few other eBooks you’ll receive through next emails: How to use proper grammar in writing research papers. How to select the right journal to maximize your chance of publication. How to transform your paper into a professionally written research paper. 10 yıldan fazla tecrübeye sahip bir grup güçlü editörün yardımı ile makalenizin en ünlü dergilerde yayınlanmasını sağlayın. Daha fazla öğrenin >> www.enago.com.tr 16 www.enago.com.tr Araştırma Makale’nin Kalitesini Daha da Arttırmaya Hazır mısın ? Araştırmacılar için en faydalı hizmeti sunuyoruz – Enago İngilizce Düzenleme hizmeti, araştırmacıların makalelerini kalitelerini arttırmalarına yardımcı olur. Henüz okuduğunuz Temel Akademik Yazı e kitabı sadece çok temel bilgiler içeriyor, ama bu sadece başlangıç ! Bir çok araştırmacı makalesini geliştirmek ve red almasına sebep olabilecek dil hatalarını düzenleme hizmetimizden yararlanarak ortadan kaldırıyor. Düzenleme hizmetimizden yararlanarak bilimsel değerlendirme sürecini doğrudan geçebilir ve dergi reddinden kendinizi koruyabilirsiniz. Zahmetsizce sizin için hedefe doğru çalışan güçlü bir grup editor ile kusursuz bir araştırma yazısına sahip olabilirsiniz ! Daha fazlasını öğrenmek için tıklayın.