Contents - Mount Washington Avalanche Center
Transkript
Contents - Mount Washington Avalanche Center
2012 International Snow Science Workshop Contents ORAL PRESENTATIONS Avalanche Hazard Mitigation O1.1 Vulnerability: Caught in an Avalanche – then What Are the Odds? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Bruce Jamieson, Alan S. Jones O1.2 The Urban Avalanche Interface and Community Impacts, A Case Study: Ketchum, Sun Valley and the Wood River Valley, Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Janet Kellam O1.3 Vision Zero: Applying Road Safety to Avalanche Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Dale Atkins, Magnus Granhed O1.4 Practioners View on the Quick Study of Snowpack: How to Explain the Vocabulary for Pole Probes and Slope Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Theo Meiners, et al Avalanche Formation, Failure, and Dynamics O2.1 The Influence of Near-Surface Warming on Slab Stiffness and Crack Propagation Propensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Benjamin Reuter, Jürg Schweizer O2.2 Thermal Temperature in Avalanche Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Cesar Vera, Thomas Feistl, Walter Steinkogler, Othmar Buser, Perry Bartelt O2.3 Back-Calculations of Observed Avalanches Against Natural Deflecting Dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Dieter Issler, Carl Harbitz, Ulrik Domaas, Kalle Kronholm, Marc Christen O2.4 Dense Avalanche Friction Coefficients: Influence of Nivological Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Mohamed Naaim, Yves Durand Avalanche Forecasting 1 O3.1 On Indicator Path Avalanches for Local Avalanche Forecasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Juerg Schweizer, Claudia Alig, Christoph Mitterer O3.2 Measurements at Recent Deep Slab Avalanches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Michael Conlan, Dave Tracz, Bruce Jamieson O3.3 Depth Hoar, Avalanches, and Wet Slabs: a Case Study of the Historic Wet Slab Avalanche Cycle at Bridger Bowl, Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Alex Marienthal, Jordy Hendrikx, Doug Chabot, Pete Maleski, Karl Birkeland O3.4 Comparing Local Stream Flow Peaks to the Onset of Wet Avalanche Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Mark E. Saurer Snowpack Structure, Variability and Metamorphism 1 O4.1 Analyzing the Atmosphere-Snow Energy Balance for Wet-Snow Avalanche Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Christoph Mitterer, Jürg Schweizer O4.2 Tracking Melt-Freeze Crust Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Ryan Buhler, Bruce Jamieson, Sascha Bellaire i 2012 International Snow Science Workshop O4.3 Weak Layer Detection in Simulated Snow Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Fabiano Monti, Jürg Schweizer, Charles Fierz O4.4 Using High-speed Video to Better Understand Extended Column Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Karl W. Birkeland, Alec van Herwijnen Avalanche Formation, Failure, and Dynamics O5.1 Measurements of ECT Scores and Crack-Face Friction in Non-Persistent Weak Layers: What are the Implications for Practitioners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Ron Simenhois, Karl Birkeland, Alec van . Herwijnen O5.2 Storm Snow Avalanches: Characteristics and Forecasting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Edward H. Bair, Ron Simenhois, Alec van Herwijnen, Karl Birkeland, Jeff Dozier O5.3 Slab Avalanche Crown Surface Fractography: Observations and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Dave Gauthier O5.4 Stability Index Considering Slab Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Shinji Ikeda, Takafumi Katushima, Yasuhiko Ito, Yukari Takeuchi, Tomoyuki Noro O5.5 The Underestimated Role of the Stauchwall in Full-Depth Avalanche Release. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Perry A. Bartelt, Christine Pielmeier, Stefan Margreth, Stephan Harvey, Thomas Stucki Hazard Mitigation and Risk Management 1 O6.1 Avalanche Analysis and Management in the Ski Resort Rosa Khutor Regarding the 2014 Sochi Olympics Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Fanny Bourjaillat, Philippe Berthet-Rambaud, Stefan Margreth, Leonid Andreev, Alexander Boyco, Jean-Luc Vallier O6.2 An Experimental Dynamic Response Study of Hard Slab Seasonal Snow to Explosive Avalanche Hazard Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Josephine Bones, Daniel Miller, Scotty Savage O6.3 French Recommendations for Artificial Triggering of Avalanches Over Inhabited Sites. . . . . . . . . . . 149 Francois Rapin, Richard Lambert O6.4 Re-evaluation of Avalanche Mitigation Measures for Juneau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Stefan Margreth, Tom Mattice Avalanche Forecasting 2 O7.1 Avalanche Forecasting for Safe Travel in the Backcountry: the 5-Step Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Mike Wiegele O7.2 SNAPS - Snow, Ice and Avalanche Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Harpa Grímsdóttir, Magni H. Jónsson, Krister Kristensen, Hedda Breien O7.3 The AvalX Public Avalanche Forecasting System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Grant Statham, Scott Campbell, Karl Klassen O7.4 Nowcast with a Forecast – Snow Cover Simulations on Slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Sascha Bellaire, Bruce Jamieson ii 2012 International Snow Science Workshop Snowpack Structure, Variability and Metamorphism 2 O8.1 Analysis of Surface Hoar Growth Under Simulated Meteorological Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Brad T. Stanton, Dan Miller, Ed Adams O8.2 Formation of Depth Hoar Resulting From Thermal Optimization of Snow Microstructure . . . . . . . . 186 Patrick Staron, Ed Adams, Dan Miller O8.3 Modelling Surface Hoar Formation and Evolution on Mountain Slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Simon Horton, Sascha Bellaire, Bruce Jamieson O8.4 Directional Mechanical Properties of Radiation Recrystallized Snow Layers from Experimental Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 David J. Walters, Edward E. Adams Education, Regulation, and Legal Risks O9.1 Incorporating Terrain Into Public Avalanche Information Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Karl Klassen O9.2 Yukon Avalanche Association – the First Year and the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Michael A. Smith, Eirik Sharp O9.3 Snow Immersion Suffocation, the Silent Killer at U.S. Ski Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Paul Baugher O9.4 Mitigating Your (Legal) Risk as a Forecaster – Where are Your Own Liabilities/Risks/Tensions? . . . 227 Tracey L. Knutson O9.5 Who Is Involved in Avalanche Accidents? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Benjamin Zweifel, Frank Techel, Christian Björk Avalanche Forecasting 3 O10.1 The MLK Event at Crystal Mountain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Chris Morin O10.2 Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Snow Avalanches Starting in Forested Terrain . . . . . . . . . . 244 Michaela Teich, Natalie Zurbriggen, Perry Bartelt, Adrienne Grêt-Regamey, Christoph Marty, Melanie Ulrich, Peter Bebi O10.3 A Mechanism for Cooling-Related Slab Avalanche Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 James A. Floyer O10.4 Effects of El Niño and La Niña on Snow Avalanche Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 David McClung Instrumentation and Measurement O11.1 Spatial Variability of Snow Stratigraphy From Microwave Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Hans-Peter Marshall, Andy Gleason, Achim Heilig, Gary Koh, Matthew Sturm O11.2 Remote Sensing Tools for Snow and Avalanche Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Yves Buehler O11.3 Using a Thermal Imager to Quantify Buried Thermal Structure in Natural Snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Cora Shea, Bruce Jamieson, Karl Birkeland iii 2012 International Snow Science Workshop O11.4 Different Surveys Techniques to Assess the Snow Erosion and Deposition at the Punta Seehore Test Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Eloïse Bovet, Bernardino Chiaia, Margherita Maggioni, Danilo Godone, Michele Freppaz Hazard Mitigation and Risk Management 2 O12.1 Close Encounters with Avalanches During Rain-On-Snow: Lessons Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 Wayne Carran, Howard Conway, Ann Carran, Milford Team O12.2 Snow Safety Control Operations: an Interactive Web-Based Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Phoebe B. McNeally, Jim Collinson, Randy Trover, Peter Schory O12.3 Avalanche Impact Performance of a Light-Weight Diversion Structure Snettisham Transmission Line, Southeast Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 Chris Wilbur, Mike Janes, Art Mears O12.4 Evaluation and Mitigation of Icefall Hazards for Civil Engineering Works. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 David J. Scarpato, Martin J. Woodard Avalanche Accidents and Rescue O13.1 Resuscitation of the Avalanche Victim: an Evidence-Based Guideline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Jeff Boyd, Hermann Brugger, Fidel Elsensohn, Peter Paal, Giacomo Strapazzon, Eveline Winterberger, Ken Zafren O13.2 Analysis of State-Of-The-Art Approaches for “Marking” During Multi-Burial Beacon Search Versus the Aspects of Fully Maintaining the EN300718 Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Michael Schober, Markus Eck, Michael Rust O13.3 On the Effectiveness of Avalanche Balloon Packs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 Pascal Haegeli, Benjamin Zweifel, Frederic Jarry, Spencer Logan, Hanno Bilek, Marek Biskupic, Hermann Brugger, Markus Falk O13.4 The Cumulation of Avalanches in Certain Periods – an Analysis of Backcountry Accidents in Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Peter Hoeller O13.5 Historical Analysis of Avalanche Fatalities in Denali National Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Kevin Wright, Tucker Chenoweth WORKSHOP PRESENTATIONS Workshop on Rescue Devices WS1.1 Transceiver Performance when Searching for Multiple Burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Jürg Schweizer, Manuel Genswein, Fred Jarry, Dominique Létang WS1.2 The Effect of External Interference on Avalanche Transceiver Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 John W. Barkhausen WS1.3 The Avalanche Airbag System and Modern Avalanche Transceivers. Useful Rescue Devices with Gadget Functions? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Franz Kroell WS1.4 Avalanche Airbag Survey: A U.S. Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Steve Christie iv 2012 International Snow Science Workshop WS1.5 Handler Perceptions of Optimal Scenting Conditions for Avalanche Rescue Dogs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Ryan R. Gould, Eeva Latosuo Workshop on Social Media and Web-based Information WS2.1 Geoavalanche – Spatial Data Infrastructure for Avalanche Awareness Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 Francesco Bartoli WS2.2 Interactive Avalanche Information System (IAIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Richard W. Steiner, Mark Dundas, Peter Petri WS2.3 Internet and Social Networking: a Chance for Avalanche Education? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 Thierry Vallée WS2.4 @UtahAvalanche: Was Social Media Invented for Avalanche Forecasting? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 Paul D. Diegel, Bruce Tremper Workshop on Technology WS3.1 Automated Avalanche Deposit Mapping From VHR Optical Imagery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 Matthew J. Lato, Regula Frauenfelder, Yves Bühler WS3.2 A Phase-tracking Snow Micro-structure Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Andrew E. Slaughter, Nicholas Zabaras WS3.3 Remote-Sensing Derived Avalanche Inventory Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Regula Frauenfelder, Rune Solberg, Siri Ø. Larsen, Arnt-Børre Salberg, Heidi Bjordal WS3.4 The Role of Information Technology in Public Avalanche Forecasting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 Kristina Welch WS3.5 Axisymmetric Measurements of Extended Deformation Around the Snow Micropenetrometer Tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 Anthony M. LeBaron, Daniel A. Miller, Alec van Herwijnen Workshop on Dynamics Modeling WS4.1 Slushflow Formation, Flow Regimes and Consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 Erik Hestnes, Steinar Bakkehøi, Krister Kristensen WS4.2 Stopping Behaviour of Snow Avalanches in Forests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 Thomas Feistl, Peter Bebi, Yves Bühler, Marc Christen, Michaela Teich, Perry Bartelt WS4.3 On Avalanche (Front) Velocity Measurements at the Ryggfonn Avalanche Test Site and Comparison with Observations From Other Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Peter Gauer WS4.4 Back-Analysis of an Avalanche Destructive Impact on Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 Valerio De Biagi, Barbara Frigo, Bernardino Chiaia WS4.5 Modeling and Visualizing Avalanche Flow Using Genetic Algorithms and OpenGL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Donna M. Delparte, Michael Peterson, Jahrain Jackson, John D. Perkins WS4.6 Objective Comparison of Two Numerical Avalanche Dynamics Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 Jan-Thomas Fischer, Walter Steinkogler, Matthias Granig, Marc Christen Workshop on Spatial Variability WS5.1 Zoning with the Avalanche Terrain Exposure Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 Cam P. Campbell, Brian Gould, James Newby v 2012 International Snow Science Workshop WS5.2 Avalanche Trigger Locations in Complex Terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 Zach Guy, Karl W. Birkeland WS5.3 Potential Dry Slab Avalanche Trigger Zones on Wind-Affected Slopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 Markus Eckerstorfer, Wesley R. Farnsworth, Karl Birkeland WS5.4 Spatial Variability of Snowpack on Small Wind Effected Slopes, Central Svalbard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 Wesley R. Farnsworth, Markus Eckerstorfer, Hanne H. Christiansen WS5.5 The New Challenge Is No More to Improve Prediction, But to Better Manage the Unexpected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 Alain Duclos Workshop on Human Factors WS6.1 Spatial, Temporal, and Space-Time Analysis of Fatal Avalanche Accidents in Colorado and the United States, 1991 to 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 Spencer Logan, Frank Witmer WS6.2 Monitoring Lift-Served Backcountry Access Gates in Real Time: SkinTrack’s First Season at Ski Loveland, Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 Marc J. Rubin, Tracy Camp WS6.3 TALKING THE TALK: Human Factors, Group Communication, and the Next Frontier in Snow Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494 Bruce Edgerly, Paul Baugher WS6.4 The Human Factor Revisited. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497 Ida S. Kristensen, Krister Kristensen WS6.5 Perception of Risk in Avalanche Terrain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 Krister Kristensen, Manuel Genswein, Munter Werner Workshop on Sledding WS7.1 How Do You Stress the Snowpack? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 Scott Thumlert, Bruce Jamieson, Thomas Exner WS7.2 Lessons from Boulder Mountain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 Mary L. Clayton WS7.3 Reaching Snowmobile Riders with Effective Training Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 Debra McGhan, Dorothy Adler, Merletta Morris WS7.4 Exploring Opportunities for Snowmobile Avalanche Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 Miranda Murphy Workshop on Highways WS8.1 Risk Prevention Along Secondary Roads by Means of Analysis of Small Scale Avalanche Risk. Management Experience Through Winter Seasons 2008-2009-2010-2011. . . . . . . 528 Massimo Raviglione, Michela Barberis WS8.2 Artificial Release and Detection of Avalanches: Managing Avalanche Risk on Traffic Infrastructures, A Case Study from Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 Arnold Kogelnig, Samuel Wyssen, Richard Koschuk vi 2012 International Snow Science Workshop WS8.3 Local Management of Avalanche Hazard on the Aosta Valley’s Roads and Identification of Event Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 Valerio Segor, Paola Dellavedova, Betty Sovilla, Luca Pitet WS8.4 I-90 Snoqualmie Pass: Operating a Highway Avalanche Program During a Major Construction Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 John Stimberis WS8.5 The Use of Classifications Trees As a Tool for Forecasting Avalanche Activity on the Seward Highway, Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 Jordy Hendrikx, Matt Murphy, Terry Onslow POSTER PRESENTATIONS Avalanche Formation, Failure, and Dynamics P1.01 A Characterization of Snow Gliding and Potential Predisposing Factors in a Full-Depth Slab Avalanche Release Area (Valle D’aosta, NW Italian Alps). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 Elisabetta Ceaglio, Michele Freppaz, Gianluca Filippa, Stefano Ferraris, Ermanno Zanini, Valerio Segor P1.02 How Snow Cover Properties Influence Avalanche Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 Walter Steinkogler, Betty Sovilla, Michael Lehning P1.03 Objective Comparison of Two to Three Dimensional Avalanche Model Output and Field Data Using the AIMEC Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 Jan-Thomas Fischer, Reinhard Fromm, Peter Gauer, Betty Sovilla P1.05 Cooling and Avalanches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 Penelope H. Goddard P1.06 Properties of Weak Layers Composed of Precipitation Particles in Avalanche Starting Zones in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586 Shinji Ikeda, Tomoyuki Noro P1.07 Back-Calculation of Small-Size Avalanches with the 2d Avalanche Dynamics Model RAMMS: Four Events Artificially Triggered at the Seehore Test Site in Aosta Valley (NW Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 Margherita Maggioni, Michele Freppaz, Marc Christen, Perry Bartelt, Ermanno Zanini P1.08 Tracking Wetting Front Advance From Upward-Looking Ground-Penetrating Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 Lino Schmid, Christoph Mitterer, Achim Heilig, Jürg Schweizer, Olaf Eisen P1.09 Automated Detection and Monitoring of Glide-Snow Events Using Satellite Based Optical Remote Sensing and Terrestrial Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 Sebastian Feick, Christoph Mitterer, Lisa Dreier, Stephan Harvey, Jürg Schweizer P1.10 Towards a Better Understanding of Glide-Snow Avalanche Formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610 Christoph Mitterer, Jürg Schweizer P1.11 Mechanics of Weak Layer Snow Under Cyclic Loading Studied By FEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617 Evgeny A. Podolskiy, Guillaume Chambon, Mohamed Naaim, Johan Gaume P1.12 Lautaret Avalanche Test Site : Outcomes From the 11th April 2012 Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622 Xavier Ravanat, Bellot Hervé, Frederic Ousset, Emmanuel Thibert, Mohamed Naaim vii 2012 International Snow Science Workshop P1.13 Avalanche Simulations in Forested Terrain: a Framework Towards a Bayesian Probabilistic Model Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628 Michaela Teich, Irene Vassella, Perry Bartelt, Peter Bebi, Thomas Feistl, Adrienne Grêt-Regamey Hazard Mitigation and Risk Management P1.16 Influence of Forest on Snow Avalanche Hazard – Norwegian Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 Hedda Breien, Øyvind A. Høydal P1.17 EconoMe-Develo – a Software Tool for Assessing Natural Hazard Risk and Economic Optimisation of Mitigation Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 Michael Bruendl P1.18 Relative Influence of Mechanical and Meteorological Factors on Avalanche Release Depth Distributions: an Application to French Alps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644 Johan Gaume, Guillaume Chambon, Nicolas Eckert, Mohamed Naaim P1.19 Multiple Linear Regression Modeling and the Correlation Between Surface Area, Snow Density and Burial Depth of Improvised Snow Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 Salvatore G. Candela, Eeva Latosuo P1.21 The Results From Two Years of Testing the Wyssen Avalanche Tower in Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657 Njål Farestveit, Sara Skutlaberg P1.23 A CBA of Artificial Avalanche Release Devices in Ski Resort: Monterosaski (AO – Italy) Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662 Barbara Frigo, Monica Barbero, Valerio De Biagi P1.25 Rapid Assessment of Large-Magnitude Snow Avalanche Events in Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666 Sara E. Simonson, Scott Toepfer, Ethan M. Greene, Steven R. Fassnacht, Thomas J. Stohlgren, Hal Hartman P1.26 Avalanche Protection on Highway E8 to the City of Tromsoe, Northern Norway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674 Ole-Andre Helgaas, Oyvind S. Hellum, Dag T. Andreassen P1.29 National Database for Mitigative Measures Against Rapid Gravity Mass Flows and Rock Falls . . . . 680 Arni Jonsson, Egil Syre, Kristine Ekseth, Helge C. Smebye, Eivind M. Paulsen P1.30 The Use of Commercial CAD Software in Snow Avalanche Run-Out Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685 Arni Jonsson, Sigurjon Hauksson P1.31 Terrain Analysis of Hatch Peak at Hatcher Pass, Alaska using ATES and GIS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689 Rebekah L. King, Eeva Latosuo P1.32 A Rule Based Risk Management System Based on Maps and Danger Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693 Kalle Kronholm, Jo Gunnar Ellevold P1.33 Possibility of Increasing the Slope Distance Between Avalanche Prevention Bridges. . . . . . . . . . . . . 696 Hiroki Matsushita, Masaru Matsuzawa, Hiroshi Nakamura P1.35 Vulnerability Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Structures Submitted to Out-of-Plane Loadings: Application to a Protective Structure Impacted By Snow Avalanches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 Isabelle Ousset, David Bertrand, Michaël Brun, Ali Limam, Mohamed Naaim P1.36 Global Variation in Reference Altitude for the Snow, Depending on Latitude and Regional Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 Francois Rapin viii 2012 International Snow Science Workshop P1.37 A Classification of All the French Avalanche Paths Which Threaten Inhabited Buildings . . . . . . . . . . 708 Francois Rapin P1.38 Evaluation of Dynamical Actions on Active Snow-Nets Placed in Detachment Area Testing in Site During Winter Seasons 2008-2009-2010-2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709 Massimo Raviglione, Maurizio Iori P1.39 Statistical Avalanche Runout Models: How Well Can Computers Predict Beta? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 Alexandra Sinickas, Bruce Jamieson P1.40 Infrasonic Monitoring of Snow Avalanches in the Alps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723 Giacomo Ulivieri, Emanuele Marchetti, Maurizio Ripepe, Igor Chiambretti, Valerio Segor P1.41 Spatio-Temporal Reconstruction of Snow Avalanche Activity Using Dendrogeomorphological Method in Bucegi Mountains-Romanian Carpathians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729 Mircea Voiculescu, Alexandru Onaca, Patrick Chiroiu Avalanche Accidents and Rescue P2.01 Skiers, Trees and Avalanches: A Murderous Triad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736 Dale Atkins P2.02 Applying Search Theory and Coordinated Incident Management to Avalanche Rescue . . . . . . . . . . 740 Donald Bogie, Andrew Hobman P2.03 Rescue Compass – a Tool for Decision Making in Avalanche Rescue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 Michael Bruendl, Hans-Juerg Etter P2.04 GIS Tools for Avalanche Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750 Giovanna Burelli, Franco Cucchi, Valerio Segor P2.06 How Effective are Avalanche Airbags? Field Tests of Avalanche Safety Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756 Lorenz Meier, Stephan Harvey, Jürg Schweizer P2.08 ARS Avalanche Rescue Dog Handler Course in Andermatt, Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764 Sean C. Hopewell P2.10 Organizational Survey for Avalanche Professionals: an Interactive Poster Installation . . . . . . . . . . . 768 Scott Savage, Jerry Johnson P2.12 Three Different Shapes of Avalanche Balloons – a Pilot Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770 Marek Biskupic, Jozef Richnavský, Milan Lizuch, Filip Kyzek, Igor Žiak, Pawel Chrustek, Emily S. Procter P2.13 Could Fatal Avalanche Accidents in Norway From 2005 – 2012 Been Prevented Using the Reduction Method, the Basic Reduction Method and the ALPTRUTH Method? . . . . . . . . 775 Linda Hallandvik, Stian Langeland, Magnus Berger Skjøstad, Vetle Aase Øvrebotten, Roland van den Tillaar Avalanche Education P2.14 Association of Professional Patrollers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 Scott Hoffman, Rich Bailey P2.15 Partner Rescue Skills: an Organizational and Individual Assessment Over the 2010-11 and 2011-12 Winter Seasons at Big Sky Resort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 Jonathan Binger, Chelan Babineau-Z P2.16 Infrared Imagery: Visual Aids for Snow Science Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 Paul A. Brusseau, Eeva Latosuo ix 2012 International Snow Science Workshop P2.17 Know Before You Go: Adapting Youth Avalanche Education For Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788 Sean Fallon, Eeva Latosuo P2.18 Practical Outputs for Avalanche Experts From Two Research Projects in Aosta Valley (NW Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795 Barbara Frigo, Margherita Maggioni, A Debernardi, Valerio Segor, Luca Pitet, Bernardino Chiaia, Michele Freppaz, Ermanno Zanini P2.19 How Mountain Snowmobilers Adjust Their Riding Preferences in Response to Avalanche Hazard Information Available at Different Stages of Backcountry Trips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 Pascal Haegeli, Luke Strong-Cvetich, Wolfgang Haider P2.20 A Searchable Digital Archive of ISSW Proceedings is Available Online!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 Jason Clark, Rich Marriott, Stephan G. Custer, Edward E. Adams, Sheila Bonnand, Tamara Miller, Scott Young, Jordy Hendrikx P2.22 Avalanche Education in the United States: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 814 David W. Lovejoy P2.23 How to Explain Avalanche Dynamics to Children and… Their Parents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820 Florence Naaim-Bouvet, Thierry Faug, Frederic Ousset, Xavier Ravanat, Paolo Caccamo P2.25 Adherence to Risk Prevention and Safety Measures in Backcountry Winter Recreationists . . . . . . . 827 Emily Procter, Giacomo Strapazzon, Hanspeter Staffler, Anton Preindl, Florian Seebacher, Ludwig Castlunger, Isabel Ebner, Hermann Brugger P2.26 Educating Ski Patrollers at Chimbulak (Shymbulak) Ski Resort, Kazakhstan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831 Alexander Prokop, Dirninger Peter P2.27 Avalanche Accident Risk Reduction Tools in a North American Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834 Bob Uttl, Joanna McDouall, Christina Mitchell, Carmela White P2.28 Evaluating the Avaluator Avalanche Accident Prevention Card 2.0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840 Bob Uttl, Joanna McDouall, Christina Mitchell P2.29 New Public Avalanche Awareness Opportunities – Are You Beeping? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 Scott Waller, Andy Hill, Dick Willy Avalanche Forecasting P2.33 Social Data Sharing with Avalanche Lab: What If You Could Crowd Source Your Avalanche Forecast? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855 Jesse F. Crocker P2.34 Linking Avalanche Problems to Avalanche Danger—A First Statistical Examination of the Conceptual Model of Avalanche Hazard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859 Pascal Haegeli, Markus Falk, Karl Klassen P2.35 Real Time Snow Slope Stability Modeling of Direct Action Avalanches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 866 Scott Havens, Hans Peter Marshall, Chris Covington, Bill Nicholson, Howard Conway P2.36 Time-Lapse Photography as an Approach to Understanding Glide Avalanche Activity . . . . . . . . . . . 872 Jordy Hendrikx, Erich H. Peitzsch, Daniel B. Fagre P2.37 Seasonal Change in Conditions for Occurrence of Wet Snow Avalanches in Hokkaido . . . . . . . . . . . 878 Hiroki Matsushita, Masaru Matsuzawa, Hiroshi Nakamura, Shinji Ikeda, Yasuhiko Ito P2.39 Timing of Wet Snow Avalanche Activity: an Analysis From Glacier National Park, Montana, USA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884 Erich H. Peitzsch, Jordy Hendrikx, Daniel B. Fagre x 2012 International Snow Science Workshop P2.40 Geomatics Use in Fieldwork for Public Avalanche Forecasting: Yukon Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892 Eirik A. Sharp, Mike A. Smith, Ilya Storm P2.41 Monitoring Glide Avalanches Using Tme-lapse Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 899 Alec van . Herwijnen, Ron Simenhois P2.42 Observations on the Development / Destruction of Potential Sliding Layers in a Path Controlled with Large Amounts of Explosives and Artillery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904 Mike P. Stanford, Brandon Levy P2.43 Public Avalanche Forecast Challenges: Canada’s Large, Data Sparse Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908 Ilya Storm P2.45 Investigating the Snow-Climate of Turnagain Pass, Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913 Wendy Wagner Instrumentation and Measurement P3.01 Hysteresis in the Water Retention Curve of Snow Measured Using an MRI System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 918 Satoru Adachi, Satoru Yamaguchi, Toshihiro Ozeki, Katsumi Kose P3.03 Can We Estimate Mass Flux During Snowfall Using a Scanning Terrestrial LiDAR? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923 Edward H. Bair, Robert E. Davis, David C. Finnegan, Adam L. LeWinter, Jeff Dozier, Ethan Guttmann P3.04 The Multi-Angle Snowflake Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930 Timothy J. Garrett, Edward H. Bair, Cale J. Fallgatter, Konstantin Shkurko, Robert E. Davis, Daniel Howlett P3.05 Quantifying Snow Transport Using Snow Fences and Sonic Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 934 Svetlana Stuefer, Matthew Sturm P3.07 SNOWCATCHER – a New Snow Avalanche Protection Measure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 937 Engelbert Gleirscher, Jan-Thomas Fischer, Elisabeth Rainer, Gernot Stelzer, Lambert Rammer, Martin Kern P3.08 Snowpack Effects Induced by Blasts: Experimental Measurements vs Theoretical Formulas. . . . . . 943 Barbara Frigo, Marilena Cardu, Bernardino Chiaia P3.09 Snow Cover Dynamics and Ecology: an Analysis of MODIS Time Series in the Italian Alps . . . . . . . . 948 Danilo Godone, Silvia Terzago, Gianluca Filippa, Simona Fratianni, Gabriele Garnero, Secondo Barbero, Enrico Rivella, Michele Freppaz P3.10 Monitoring Snowpack Temperature Gradient Using Automatic Snow Depth Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956 Orn Ingolfsson, Harpa Grimsdottir, Magni H. Jonsson P3.11 Measurement Campaigns to Investigate Blowing Snow and Snow Drift Conditions at a High Altitude Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961 Gilbert Guyomarc’h, Hervé Bellot, Yves Durand, Florence Naaim-Bouvet, Alexander Prokop, Vincent Vionnet P3.12 Meteorological Tower Design for Severe Weather and Remote Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 968 Kelly Elder, et al P3.14 How to Detect Snow Fall Occurrence During Blowing Snow Event? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976 Florence Naaim-Bouvet, Hervé Bellot, Kouichi Nishimura, Christophe Genthon, Cyril Palerme, Gilbert Guyomarc’h P3.15 Positioning of Avalanche Protection Measures Using Snow Depth Mapping via Terrestrial Laser Scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983 Alexander Prokop, Christina M. Delaney xi 2012 International Snow Science Workshop P3.16 Automatically Finding Avalanches in Geophone Data: a Pattern Recognition Workflow. . . . . . . . . . 989 Marc J. Rubin, Tracy Camp, Alec van Herwijnen Snow Structure, Variability and Stability P3.17 The Effectiveness of Boot Packing for Snowpack Stabilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993 Matt Wieland, Jordy Hendrikx, Karl Birkeland P3.18 Modeled Snow Cover in Pyrenees Mountains and Cross-Comparisons Between Remote-Sensed and Land-Based Observation Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 998 Yves Durand, Gerald Giraud, Daniel Goetz, Malou Maris, Valentin Payen P3.19 Examining the Drivers that Control the Spatial Variability of Surface Hoar and Near-Surface Facets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1005 Jordy Hendrikx, Tom Leonard, Irene Henninger, Doug McCabe, Ian Hoyer P3.20 What Can Avalanche Burials Hear? – Acoustic Characteristics of Snow Packs and Their Relation to Input Sounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1011 Ken-Ichi Sakakibara, Katuhiro Maki, Kimiko Yamakawa, Shigeaki Amano P3.22 Analysis of Continuous Snow Temperature Profiles From Automatic Weather Stations in Aosta Valley (NW Italy). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1017 Margherita Maggioni, Gianluca Filippa, Michele Freppaz, Ermanno Zanini P3.25 Laser Induced Fluorescence - Particle Tracking Velocimetry (LIF-PTV) Measurements of Water Flow Through Snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1023 Benjamin A. Walter, Stefan Horender, Nander Wever, C Gromke, Michael Lehning P3.26 A Modified Extended Column Test to Reduce Slab Degradation: Preliminary Results. . . . . . . . . . . .1028 Maggi Kraft, Matt Wieland, Jordy Hendrikx P3.28 The Effects of Explosives on the Physical Properties of Snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1033 Robyn Wooldridge, Jordy Hendrikx, Dan Miller, Karl Birkeland P3.29 Surface Hoar Distribution at the Scale of a Helicopter Skiing Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1040 Matthew J. Borish, Karl W. Birkeland, Stephan Custer, Stuart Challender, Jordy Hendrikx P3.30 The Propagation Saw Test (PST): a Review of Its Development, Applications, and Recent Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1047 Dave Gauthier, Bruce Jamieson P3.31 Relationship Between Preferential Flow in Snow Cover and Weather Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1054 Satoru Yamaguchi, Hiroyuki Hirashima, Atsushi Sato, Satoru Adachi P3.32 Testing and Implementing a Wind Redistribution Model in Mountainous Terrain Using a High-Resolution LIDAR-Derived DEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1059 Andrew Hedrick, Hans-Peter Marshall, Scott Havens, Adam Winstral, Achim Heilig P3.33 Changes in Stability Test Usage By Snowpilot Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1065 Karl W. Birkeland, Doug Chabot P3.34 Temporal and Spatial Changes of a Seasonal Snowpack Within a Small Sheltered Slope . . . . . . . .1069 Achim Heilig, Hans-Peter Marshall, Samantha Evans Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1075 xii