re-starting at aşikli
Transkript
re-starting at aşikli
Anatolia Antiqua XIX (2011), p. 27-37 Mihriban ÖZBAARAN* RE-STARTING AT AIKLI INTRODUCTION This paper is a brief presentation of the actual state of work at Aıklı Höyük, the 9th-8th mill cal B.C. settlement of Cappadocia, in Central Anatolia. The site has been under excavation on behalf of the Istanbul University between 1989 and 2001 by U. Esin, and during the succeeding two seasons by N. Balkan Atlı. The fieldwork had a pause in 2004 and works in the following years focused basically on the study of the archaeological material. Meanwhile, a protection and preservation program was carried out under a heritage management project that included the re-construction of a part of the domestic quarter of the settlement next to the mound, as an archaeological park. The finalisation of site management activities (Özbaaran et al. 2010) gave rise to the re-excavations in 2010. The results obtained from the first stage of excavations, when contextualized within the data of the Neolithic sites in Central Anatolia, underscored the importance of Aıklı in terms of chronology to better understand the neolithisation of the region. Radiocarbon samples dated the site to the late 9th and early 8th mill cal B.C. with an uninterrupted sequence of ca. 1000 years. The data displayed a series of transitional characteristics of a forager/producer community. The transition was from wild to domestic in conceptual and practical terms as revealed by important data on subsistence, as well as in architectural features and settlement pattern. The Aıklı inhabitants founded the earliest settlement so far known in the region in one of the rich environmental micro-niches, the Melendiz valley, of the volcanic landscape of Cappadocia (Esin 1998a). The 1000 years of continuous occupation showed the diachronic evolution of the community. The data displayed some distinctive local features and regional characteristics1. An overall assessment on the characteristics of the Aıklı culture was published recently by U. Esin and S. Harmankaya (2007), following annual reports and papers on the first results of the study of the archaeological material. The list of publications, including the unpublished MA and PhD theses, is given in the bibliography for the reader. These researches led to new fine-scaled and detailed questions. Further analyses of the material are needed as well as a re-evaluation of data in a wider context. Hence, a micro-scale and problem-oriented project started as the second stage of work at Aıklı. The methodology was revised, new analyses were included and new specialists joined the team. The aim of this paper is to present the preliminary observations of the recent excavation season outlining the questions put by the new project. AIKLI-THE STRATIGRAPHY Aıklı is one of the most extensively excavated sites in the Neolithic of Western Asia: the excavated area measures ca. 12% of the 4,5 ha site. The large exposures revealed basically the remains of the well-preserved settlement of the 8th millenium (level 2). At present, there are four main levels identified, 1 to 4 from top to bottom (Esin 2007). The uppermost level 1 was almost totally destroyed prior to the excavations. Partial floors and walls were documented, however the building plans were incomplete and the settlement layout was unclear. Level 2, is the most widely known level with its 10 building phases. The latest three phases (2A-2C) were excavated on the top of the mound (Fig. 1) in an area of more than 4000 m2, whereas the succeeding phases of level 2 (2D-2K) and the lower levels (3 and 4) were investigated in the deep trench 4GH on the northern side of the mound. Another area where the early phases of level 2 were also excavated was in the northwestern slope, trench 2-3 JK (Fig. 2). Two different methods of excavation were applied in each of these areas to reach the early levels and to *) Istanbul University. 1) For obsidian industry, see Balkan Atlı 1994; for settlement layout, see Esin 1996: 40. 28 MHRBAN ÖZBAARAN Fig. 1 : The architectural remains of the 8th mill cal B.C. settlement exposed on top of the mound. Level 2, building phases 2A-C. fully understand the stratigraphy. In the deep trench 4GH, the architectural remains in each level were totally removed after they had been excavated and documented. This operation resulted in obtaining conspicuous sections of more than 10 m in height on the southern, eastern and western side of the excavated area (Fig. 3). They provided a highly readable picture of the evolution through time of the area, displaying changes in the use of space between levels 3-4 and 2, and/or a strict building continuity through level 2. On the northwestern slope, a different strategy was applied. The architectural remains of each level and building phase were excavated without being removed, taking advantage from the slope (Fig. 4). So far, the earliest building phases of level 2 have been exposed here, while the lower levels have not yet been excavated. AIKLI 2010 With the re-start of the excavations in 2010, fieldworks focused basically on level 4, in the deep trench 4GH. The objective is to fully understand the characteristics of the early occupation. The existence of more archaeological deposits under level 4 is known from the test sounding in trench 4 F, carried out during the first two seasons in 1989 and 1990. The sounding documented the presence of minimum 2.0 additional meters of archaeological fill (Esin Harmankaya 1999a: 118). Levels 3 and 4 are radiocarbon dated to the end of the 9th millenium cal B.C.2 (see Table 1, below) and level 2 is dated to the first half of the 8th millenium cal B.C. The dates obtained from level 2 were published by Esin (1995a: 75-76; 1998b: 103; 1999b: 21) whereas a compilation of them, in com- 2) Aıklı team is thankful to the C14 Lab at Gröningen State University for the dating. In 2009 and 2010, further sampling was done; samples were charcoal, endocarps of Celtis, animal bones and seeds from each level/building phase, which are under process at present at the Arizona University, USA. RE-STARTING AT AIKLI Fig. 2 : The topographical plan of Aıklı showing the excavated areas (re-drawn by G. Duru) (each grid measures 10x10 m). 29 30 MHRBAN ÖZBAARAN Fig. 3 : The deep trench of 4GH, levels 1-3. Fig. 4 : The ‘slope trench’ on the northwest of the mound, level 2 with its building phases. RE-STARTING AT AIKLI Lab. No. GrN-28624 GrN-28616 GrN-28621 GrN-28614 GrN-28622 GrN-28618 GrN-28623 GrN-28617 Level 3C/3D 3C 3D 3E/4 4 4 4 4 BP 8760 ± 25 8860 ± 60 8940 ± 40 8840 ± 50 8790 ± 60 8940 ± 40 8770 ± 60 8980 ± 40 cal B.C. 7940-7730 8210-7870 8250-7990 8190-7820 8170-7720 8250-7990 7960-7710 8280-8010 Table 1 : The recently dated samples of levels 3 and 4. All are charcoal samples. parison with the dates of the other Neolithic sites in Central Anatolia, was published in Thissen 2002b: 301-302. The results of the 2010 season presented below are preliminary. Additional data will come in future both from the deep trench 4 GH and from the slope trench in grids 2-3JK with further investigations. The present-day excavation area of level 4 in 4 GH, measures 150 m2. Although they were named separately, levels 3 and 4 can be considered together in terms of chronology and in use of space. Both are distinct in some aspects from the 8th mill cal B.C. settlement of level No real stratigraphical gap existed between levels 2. 3 and 2, but a thick sediment (an average of 0,20 m) found in the entire area in 4 GH, defined the change in the arbitrary levels. The macroscopic observations during the fieldwork led to the hypothesis that this sediment was formed as a result of a flood or the washing of building materials after heavy rain (Esin Harmankaya 2007: 257). Further remarks on soil micromorphology also suggested water stagnation and/or moisture. This observation was supported by the poorly preserved state and melted down walls of the kerpiç buildings of level 3A. Micromorphological analyses are ongoing and results are awaited before any further interpretation. The ‘heavy rain sediment’ lies between the earliest building phase of level 2 (2K) and the latest building phase of level 3 (3A). Level 3 showed similarities in building plans to the 8th millenium settlement (level 2) and in use of space to the 9th millenium (level 4). The characteristics of the buildings, the building layouts and the archaeological material exposed in five building phases of level 3 (3A-3E) were summarised by U. Esin and S. Harmankaya (1999a: 119 and 2007: 257-258). 31 The rectangular buildings were all built with kerpiç walls. Hearths found in these structures showed similarities in the location and plan to level 2 (Özbaaran 1998). The buildings were located in an open space that was used as an activity area. This area would later be used basically as a midden in level 2. Excavations in 2010 evidenced a similar picture in level 4, as regards the continuity in the use of space as an activity area, however with a significant difference in plans of the buildings. Three sub-oval kerpiç buildings were exposed in level 4 (Fig. 5-6). They stood separately from each other in a wide, open space used as an external activity area. A rectangular building, similar in plan to the buildings of level 2 or 3, was located in the same area, west of the open space. The sub-oval buildings were seemingly semi-subterranean: this statement stays open and has to be confirmed by further excavation. Buildings so far excavated in level 4 did not have any indoor hearths. Fire installations were located in external areas. Another interesting feature was the methods of construction of the kerpiç walls. The long blocks that were used in the walls of two of the sub-oval buildings were shaped by hand after they have been placed on the wall (Fig. 7). Contrarily, the walls of the third sub-oval structure in the same level, and of the rectangular building, had regular moulded kerpiç blocks. The third documented wall type was made by pressing kerpiç soil in between two (probable wooden?) plaques that defined the width of the wall. The technique is known as dökme kerpiç3, a technique also used even if rarely in level 2. The open space surrounded by buildings covered a large area and evidenced a variety of daily activities. A shallow depression (Space 1), measuring ca. 2,5 m in diameter, located northwest of the open space, was one of the well-defined activity areas (Fig. 8). Its floor was earth plastered and renewed. On its latest floor there were two pairs of post bases. Preliminary study of the material from the floor showed in situ manufacture and use of obsidian tools, as well as use of bone tools. As working hypotheses the following technical operations could be represented: harvesting of cereals (sickle brought back to the area), cutting and scraping soft material –meat/fresh hide, siliceous vegetal and fresh soft wood, piercing of soft material and cutting soft/middle-soft worked material. The open space could therefore be defined as a working area, with a light 3) This technique is known as pisé; however, pisé is also used to define hand-shaped kerpiç blocks. In order to avoid confusion, we use the Turkish expression dökme kerpiç, a technique which is similar to the one described by Aurenche (1977: 138; fig. 371). Fig. 6 : The sub-oval building 3, 2010. Fig. 7 : Hand-shaped kerpiç blocks of the west wall of building 3, 2010. Fig. 5 : The 9th mill settlement, excavations in 2010. 32 MHRBAN ÖZBAARAN RE-STARTING AT AIKLI structure shelter, where a variety of activities was conducted. The rest of the open area did not show such well-defined structures, but the fill and the concentration of the archaeological material on specific patched areas (Fig. 8) allowed figuring out a preliminary interpretation of the different uses of the space. In a burnt area dense remains of calcified stones of Celtis (Fig. 9) were found. In another area, a small pit full of burnt deposits (Fig. 10), and in another different area a concentration of phytoliths, most probably remains of grass were identified. The animal bones exposed in the area had a quiet rich composition, Ovis/Capra being the most common, followed by small game including birds, turtles, fish and aurochs and equids. The archaeobotanical remains of the same level suggested harvesting of a mixture of wild and domesticated emmer along with gathered fruits such as pistachio, almond and hackberry. This pattern is similar to the 8th mill settlement (van Zeist - de Roller 1995). FURTHER QUESTIONS Excavations of the early levels presented promising data about the changes in the sequence. The continuity in the settlement layout and in the life way was basically documented in level 2. The changes that recently came into view though were mainly between the 9th and the 8th mill, i.e. between level 4 and 2. Such changes were, a) transition from oval buildings to rectangular, b) transport of the external activity areas from the ground level to rooflevel, c) change in the layout, from isolated buildings to clustered neighbourhood (cf. the actual data with that of level 2 in Esin 1998a: 92; Esin - Harmankaya 1999a: 125). These revealed important data not only on how the 8th millennium settlement evolved but also on some debatable social and behavioural aspects of the community. The characteristics of the settlement, especially the strict building continuity, the fixed location of the middens, the gradual change in lithic industry at first sight had led previously to consider the Aıklı community as traditional (Thissen 2002a: 14, 24) and conservative (Esin - Harmankaya 1999a: 130 and the discussions in p. 98, in Gérard Thissen 2002). Yet the 2010 data signaled shifts. The changes remarked between levels versus the steady state through the building phases in level 2 require further study and new readings on social rules of the community. Changes in other aspects of the culture, such as in the obsidian industry, were also recognized, however they were slight and gradual and happened 33 at different times. A general look to the technological characteristics (Abbes et al. 1999; Balkan-Atlı 1994; Yıldırım - Balcı 2007) indicated dominance of unidirectional knapping in levels 3 and 4 and bidirectional knapping in level 2, although both were present through the sequence. As for tool types, scrapers were the most common through the whole sequence. Yet, scrapers on blade/bladelets were dominant in the early levels whereas scrapers on flakes replaced them towards the end of the 8th mill (level 2B). Truncated blades were common in the early levels of 3 and 4 and they continued up to the early phases of the 8th mill (2G). Microliths also existed all through the sequence and displayed a variety of forms, including geometrics. The change was in size and in quantity. In early levels up to 2G, they were smaller and numerous (Yıldırım - Balcı 2007: 364-375). The lithic studies of levels 3-4 are ongoing, accompanied by use wear analysis that recently started in 2010. The preliminary investigations on the botanical samples showed a mixture of wild and domestic cereals (mainly emmer) in the 9th mill settlement (level 4) that need to be tested with much larger samples in the coming years. Domesticated cereals were in cultivation in the 8th mill, although they were rare in relation to the wild plants (van Zeist - de Roller 2003). Changes in subsistence, the scale of food production, the importance of gathering plant resources and the hypothesis of ‘proto-domestication’ (of sheep and goat, Buitenhuis 1997) are some of the basic research questions that are currently under study. The faunal composition of the early levels was consistent with that of the late levels, with sheep being dominant, but smaller animals were considerably more diverse specifically in level 4. Small animals included hare and game birds such as bustard and duck, hedgehog, and small fish. Domestication of sheep/goat indicated a transitional stage in level 2. The studies on age, sex and size (of Ovis/Capra) suggested a high degree of control over these animals. Dung remnants observed by means of micromorphological analysis strengthened the suggestion of animal captivity on the site, although the wild morphometric characters do not seem to have changed. The questions focus on how widely the Aıklı community depended on domestic food supply and what the motivation was for the change. Hence, the diachronic evolution in conceptual, technological and social manner through the 1000 years of occupation was designated as one of the research priorities of the new project. Taking advantage from the wide exposures of the 8th mill settlement, discussions on horizontal levels focus on the social characteristics of the com- Fig. 8 : An activity area with three post holes, 4GH, 2010. Fig. 10 : A pit with burnt deposit in the external open space in 4GH, 2010. Fig. 9 : Concentration of Celtis remains in the external open space, 4GH, 2010. 34 MHRBAN ÖZBAARAN RE-STARTING AT AIKLI munity. The uniform and repetitive data, the lack of distinguished features and finds, the public character of the special-function quarter had suggested to define a community-level cooperative way of life at Aıklı. Whether it is communality or cohesion, the social mechanism that maintained to hold the community together and live together for hundreds of years, is another important research question under study. Population analysis has not yet been done, and the early occupation is known only from a limited area. Nevertheless there are indications of an increase in population with the start of the 8th millennium. A rough estimation (depending basically on architecture) indicates hundreds of people that lived at the same time. This brings back the problem of the social organisation of the community and the way they managed to live together. Evidence on conflict, stress and/or risk did not show up at Aıklı. The general picture presents a peaceful, site-inverted way of living in direct reciprocity with the nature through the entire sequence. The site was abandoned around 7400/7000 cal B.C.4. The current data do not have any indication about why they left the site. The future work at Aıklı aims to focus on these wide ranges of questions about one of the most remarkable periods in human history. 35 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The new participants of the Project, to whom I am thankful for their participation and their preliminary results on the 2010 work, are as follows: L. Astruc, CNRS, IFEA; R. Christidou, Wiener Institute, American School of Athens; D. Friesem, Bar Ilan University; M. Grenet UMR 5608, Toulouse Le Mirail University; D. Grimstead and S. Mentzer, University of Arizona; J. Pelegrin UMR 7055, Paris X University; J. Peters and N. Pöllath, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet; J. Quade, University of Arizona; R. Shahack Gross, Bar Ilan University; M. Stiner, University of Arizona, M. Tengberg, MNHN, Paris I University; G. Willcox, CNRS 5133, Lyon 2 University. I am also deeply thankful to all of the ‘old’ members with whom we work since 1989. The Aıklı Project 2010 was carried out with the permission of Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlıı, Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüü and supported by Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University, Project number 6647. Last not least, I am thankful to I. Caneva, L. Astruc and G. Arsebük who kindly accepted to review the text. M.Ö. 4) Cf. the sattelite sites around Aıklı dating to the end of its occupation; specifically Musular. Excavation results of Musular allowed to interpret the site as one of the sattelite sites (Duru - Özbaaran 2005; Özbaaran 2003) that emerged during the latest occupational phases of Aıklı. Further research on the other ‘sattelites’ will test the present hypothesis as well as extending the abandonment date of Aıklı to 7000 cal B.C. 36 MHRBAN ÖZBAARAN BIBLIOGRAPHY The sign * indicates additional publications of Aıklı, which are not referred in the text. Abbes, F., Balkan Atlı, N., Binder, D. and Cauvin, M.C., 1999 : “Etude Téchnologique Préliminaire de I’Industrie Lithique d’Aıklı Höyük”, TÜBA-AR II : 117137. Aurenche, O., 1977 : Dictionnaire Illustré Multilingue de L’architecture du Proche Orient Ancien. Maison de L’Orient Méditerranaéen Ancien. Lyon. 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