nfluence of the combination of landscape, hoyran lake and wind
Transkript
nfluence of the combination of landscape, hoyran lake and wind
Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü Matbaa ve Basımevi PK. 401 Kalaba - Ankara / TÜRKİYE ISBN: 978-975-561-432-8 INFLUENCE OF THE COMBINATION OF LANDSCAPE, HOYRAN LAKE AND WIND DIRECTIONS OVER THE CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS IN THE CEDAR FOREST OF BARLA MOUNTAIN AND THE HABITAT OF THE RED ANTS (Formica rufa L.) Mustafa AVCI(1), M. Doğan KANTARCI(2), Fikriye ÖÇAL(1) ABSTRACT The northern part of Eğirdir Lake has been distinguished as “Hoyran Lake”. The humidified air mass evaporating from the lake during the summer months are pushed to the southwest though the northeastern winds and to the north facing slopes of the Barla Mountain and rest there. The humid air of the lake has enabled the growth of a cedar forest on the north facing slopes of Barla Mountain (Kantarcı,M.D.1982,1985,1990). Such climate characteristics have enabled the expansion of the red ants (Formica rufa L.) (Hymenoptera Formicidae) in Garip Forest. Within the scope of the study entitled “examination of the habitat/living environment preferred by the red ants” which was conducted in the Barla Montain Cedar Forest during the years between 2010 and 2011 (Avcı, M. et al 2011), the hourly temperatures, wind directions and air humidity rates have been measured at the altitude of 1500 m. The measurements were conducted in the months VI, VII, VIII, IX and X in 2010. The comparison of such measurements with those of the data obtained from Yalvaç Meteorology Station during the same months has presented an interesting pattern of relations. The relationship between the landscape/climate characteristics of Garip Forest and the habitat/living environment of the red ants where they chose to create their nests have been studied. 90 sample areas have been scanned in the total research area of 582,3 ha. A total of 132 ant nests have been identified in 41 sample areas. While the prevailing tree type in the research area is cedar, it is possible to observe stands where Black Pines and Junipers are mixed together. The ants have particularly expanded over the pure cedar stands where, as a source of nutrition, pests are abundantly available. Majority of the identified nests are located in the pure wooded cedar stands with the enclosure of 40-70% and >70%. The red ant nests are mostly concentrated between the altitudes of 1500 and 1700 m and on the north facing slopes with inclination of 15°-26°. The parent rock in our study is lime stone and the ground is calcareous clay loam/clay ground and it is in clastic form (porous and ventilable). The ants seem to have preferred the bottom parts of the trees and overturned trunks and the trunks lying among the bushes in open spaces as the location for their nests. Key words: Hoyran Lake, wind direction, Garip Forest, climate, Formica rufa, ecological relations. (1) Prof. Dr. Mustafa AVCI, Süleyman Demirel Üni. Orman Fakültesi Orman Entomolojisi ve Koruma A. D.Isparta. e-mail: mustafaavci@sdu.edu.tr – Tlf. 0246-2113963 (1) Fikriye ÖÇAL; Süleyman Demirel Üni. Orman Fakültesi, Isparta. (2) Prof. Dr. M. Doğan KANTARCI (EM); İstanbul Üni. Orman Fakültesi Toprak İlmi ve Ekoloji A. D. Bahçeköy-İstanbul. E-mail: mdkant@istanbul.edu.tr – Tlf. 0532-416 65 97 1. INTRODUCTION Climate characteristics are examined and assessed within the scope of climatology as much as they are used and evaluated within the scope of other sciences and application areas. Chief among such areas of science are ecology and other science disciplines that use ecological knowledge. This is because ecology examines and analyses the characteristics and relations of living beings within their own habitat/living environment. One of the four elements of habitat is the climatic characteristics. Arithmetic scales of science are transformed into that of biometric scales in ecological terms. The present study has been conducted in order to identify the relationship between the climate characteristics and the habitat conditions of red wood ants. However the climate characteristics are not totally dependent on the atmospheric events. Geological features, parent rock and soil properties significantly influence the local climate conditions as well. The living population, which is the research subject of this study, is, on the one hand, dependent on the climate conditions changing in line with the geological conditions and, on the other hand, the tree and bush types that constitute the forest itself, as well as the places where food is found and other living populations that may harm them. If the main reason for the existence of such living population is a lake or the direction of winds then the equation gets a bit more complicated. The parent rock and soil properties are influential in the habitat where the living population is nested. Presenting a system of such complicated ecological relations is only possible by relying on the extensive knowledge and scientific appreciation on the part of the reader. 2. RESEARCH AREA The research area is the cedar forest that is situated on the north facing slopes of Barla Mountain between the Gelincik and Kıroğ mountain. That cedar forest is called the “Garip Forest”, named after the village situated in the lowland by the same name and remains in the form of a forest belt among the black pine-cedar-juniper forests. The name of Prof. Dr. Bekir Sıtkı Ecimen (Bekir Baba), that from the forestry faculty İstanbul is, given to the Cedar Forest (see Map 1) (OGM1987). The cedar forest covers an area of 1150 to 2000 meters starting from Senirkent Lowland in the Garip Forest on the northern slope of Barla Mountain (Figure 1). - The lower section of the cedar belt covers an area of 1150 to 1400 meters. Blackthorns (Paliurus spina-christi syn. P. aculeatus), kermes oaks (Quercus coccifera) and prickly junipers (Juniperus oxycedrus) are abundant in those lower parts. Moreover the black pines (Pinus nigra) are also rather abundant in those lower belts. - The middle section of the cedar belt covers an area of 1400 to 1700 meters. The cedar seems to be more dominant in the middle section, and the bush types disappear or diminish toward higher areas. However Berberis Thunbergii (Berberis crataegina) seems to be expansive in those areas. The Toros juniper (Juniperus excelsa) and aromatic juniper (Juniperus foetidissima) accompanying the cedar in the lower parts are significantly increased in number in the middle section. - The upper section of the cedar belt covers an area of 1700 to 2000 meters. The cedar forest gradually diminishes in size toward the higher parts. Here Toros juniper and aromatic juniper and Berberis Thunbergii bushes are seen in addition to the cedar. Moreover the mountain juniper (Juniperus sabina) are situated in the higher belt. Whereas the black pine is rather scattered on those parts (Kantarcı, M.D. 1982-90, Karatepe, Y. 2004). Map 1. The interaction effect of Hoyran lake, landscape and wind directions over the Garip-Cedar Forest in Barla Mountain DRY AND COOLER NORTHEAST WIND THE AIR MASSES BLOW OVER HOYRAN LAKE AND BRING THE MOISTURE TO CEDAR FOREST 364 mm CEDAR FOREST PRECIPITATION 629,9 mm 445,2 mm 739,5 mm 514 mm 542,6mm 673,6 mm * KAYNAK: YAĞIŞ MİKTARLARI Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Gnl. Md’lüğü 1974 Meteoroloji Bülteninden alınmıştır. M. DOĞAN KANTARCI Figure 1. Cedar Forest at the northern slope of Mount Barla and the meteorological measuring tool and the nest of forest ants The research area has been distinguished as “Senirkent Habitat Region”, which covers the basin of Senirkent and Gençali Lowlands (Kantarcı, 1990). The region is under the influence of the dry prevailing wind originating from northeast that passes over the “Yalvaç Region” and blowd the humid air masses above the Hoyran Lake towards southwest. The humid air causes increase in precipitation as it gets cold through ascending towards the northern slopes of Barla Mountain and thus causes the region to retain a humid character. For this reason the precipitation recorded as 364 mm in Gençali, on the shore of the Hoyran Lake, rises up to 733 mm in Senirkent and 740 mm in Uluborlu (Map 1). 3. METHOD 3.1. The areas where ant nests are located in the Garip Forest have been systematically scanned. The properties of the spots where the ant nests are located, liveliness and sizes of such nests have been identified (See Maps 2, 3, 4). Map 2. 2. The The study Map study network network in inCedar Cedarforest foreston onthe thenorthern northernflank flankBarla BarlaMountain Mountain Map3.3.The Thelocations locationsofof ants nestsinin cedar forest northern flank Barla Mountain Map thethe ants nests cedar forest onon thethe northern flank of of Barla Mountain Map 4. The The habitat habitat of ofthe thered redants ants in in Cedar Cedarforest foreston onthe thenorthern northern flank flankofofBarla BarlaMountain Mountain 3.2. In the Cedar Forest (Garip Forest) of Barla Mountain has been measured in terms of hourly and daily temperature, precipitation, humidity and wind directions during June, July, August, September and October in 2010 in the measuring point at 1515 meters altitude. At the same time such measurements have been compared to the measurements performed at the meteorology stations located in Senirkent and Yalvaç. The average temperature values and the amount of precipitation in Garip Forest have been calculated according to the 100 m levels. 3.3. Periodic temperature values and precipitation changes have evaluated during the warming/aridification period in accordance with the measurements of the Senirkent and Yalvaç meteorology stations. The values in the warming and aridification process have been employed in the calculation of the average temperature and precipitation values of Garip Forest. 4. FINDINGS 4.1. Meteorological measurements in the Garip forest A temporary meteorology station has been placed on a tree in the open area of the cedar stand at 1515 meters altitude in Garip Forest (See Figure 1). The (air) distance between that spot and the Senirkent Meteorology Station is 14 km. The temporary meteorology station has been operated in the months VI, VII, VIII, IX and X. The station could not be operated in the months earlier than and after such months due to the climate and land road conditions. Findings obtained have been given in the Tables 1, 2, 3 and Figures 3, 4, 5, 6 comparative to the data obtained from the Senirkent and Yalvaç stations. Figure 3.1. The wind directions and blowing ratio at 1500 m altitude in Cedar forest on the northern flank of Mount Barla (20.6. - 30.6.2010) BARLA DAĞI SEDİR ORMANI (Garip Ormanı 1500 m) SAATLİK RÜZGÂR YÖNLERİ ESME ORANLARI 20.6.2010 - 30.6.2010 0,7 0,6 E-NE E-NE E-NE 0,4 E-NE E-NE N 0,3 E-NE E-NE N 0,2 N N 0,1 0 N 0 -0,2 SW -0,3 HOURS 23.00 22.00 21.00 20.00 19.00 18.00 17.00 16.00 15.00 14.00 13.00 12.00 11.00 10.00 09.00 08.00 07.00 06.00 05.00 04.00 03.00 02.00 -0,1 01.00 0,0 00.00 NIGHTS MOUNTAIN BREZE - DAYTIME LAKE BREEZE 0,5 SW W-SW W-SW SW SW W-SW SW -0,4 -0,5 W-SW -0,6 W-SW W-SW -0,7 W-SW -0,8 -0,9 -1,0 W-SW W-SW KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. tarafından 2010 yılında Kapıdağ’da yapılan sıcaklık ölçmelerinden derlenip, düzenlenmiştir. W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW M. DOĞAN KANTARCI Figure 3.2. The wind directions and blowing ratio at 1500 m altitude in Cedar forest on the northern flank of Mount Barla (1-31.7.2010) BARLA DAĞI SEDİR ORMANI (Garip Ormanı 1500 m) TEMMUZ 2010 AYINDA SAATLİK RÜZGÂR YÖNLERİ VE ESME ORANLARI 1 0,9 0,8 E-NE E-NE E-NE W -0,2 SW -0,3 SW SW W-SW HOURS 23.00 22.00 21.00 20.00 19.00 18.00 17.00 16.00 15.00 14.00 W B W W B B B W SW SW SW B SW W-SW GB GB GB GB GB GB 13.00 09.00 08.00 07.00 W W 06.00 04.00 03.00 W 02.00 01.00 0,1 05.00 E-NE NE NE NW 0,2 E-NE E-NE E-NE NE NE KB NW NE NW NE NW NW NE 11.00 0,3 0 NE NE NE E-NE E-NE NE 10.00 NE 0,4 -0,1 E-NE E-NE E-NE 0,5 00.00 NIGHTS MOUNTAIN BREEZE – DAYTIME LAKE BREEZEİ 0,6 12.00 0,7 -0,4 -0,5 -0,6 -0,7 -0,8 W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SWW-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW -0,9 -1 M. DOĞAN KANTARCI KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. tarafından 2010 yılında Kapıdağ’da yapılan sıcaklık ölçmelerinden derlenip, düzenlenmiştir. Figure 3.3. The wind directions and blowing ratio at 1500 m altitude in Cedar forest on the northern flank of Mount Barla (1-31.8.2010) BARLA DAĞI SEDİR ORMANI (Garip Ormanı 1500 m) AĞUSTOS 2010 AYINDA SAATLİK RÜZGÂR YÖNLERİ VE ESME ORANLARI 0,9 0,8 E-NE 0,7 0,6 E-NE E-NE E-NE E-NE E-NE E-NE E-NE E-NE E-NE E-NE 0,4 E-SE E-SE E-SE E-SE E-SE E-SE B -0,2 HOURS W-SW B B 23.00 B 22.00 21.00 B 20.00 19.00 B 18.00 17.00 B 16.00 B 15.00 14.00 13.00 12.00 11.00 10.00 E E-SE E-SE 09.00 B 08.00 B 07.00 B 06.00 B 05.00 B 04.00 B 03.00 -0,1 02.00 0 01.00 E E-SE E-SE E-NE E-SE E-SE 0,1 DGD 0,2 E-SE 0,3 00.00 NIGHTS MOUNTAINS BREEZE - DAYTIME KAKE BREEZE 0,5 B B -0,3 -0,4 W-SW -0,5 -0,6 -0,7 -0,8 -0,9 W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SWW-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. tarafından 2010 yılında Barla Dağı Sedir Ormanında (1500 m) yapılan rüzgâr yönü ölçmelerinden derlenip, düzenlenmiştir. M. DOĞAN KANTARCI Figure 3.4. The wind directions and blowing ratio at 1500 m altitude in Cedar forest on the northern flank of Mount Barla (1-30.9.2010) KAPIDAĞ'DA (Barla Dağı) EYLÜL 2010 AYINDA SAATLİK RÜZGÂR YÖNLERİ VE ESME ORANLARI 1 0,9 0,8 E-NE 0,7 E-NE 0,5 E-NE E-NE E-NE N-NE 0,3 0,2 E-NE E-NE E-NE E-NE N-NE 0,4 0,1 -0,2 -0,3 SW SW SW SW W-SW -0,4 SW SW 23.00 22.00 21.00 W 20.00 19.00 18.00 W W SW SW SW SW SW W-SW W-SW SW HOURS 17.00 16.00 15.00 B 14.00 13.00 12.00 11.00 10.00 09.00 08.00 07.00 BW 06.00 05.00 W 04.00 03.00 02.00 -0,1 E-NE 01.00 0 00.00 NIGHTS MOUNTAIN BREEZE – DAYTIME LAKE BREEZEİ 0,6 W BWBW SW SW -0,5 W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW -0,6 -0,7 W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SWW-SW -0,8 -0,9 W-SW -1 KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. tarafından 2010 yılında Kapıdağ’da yapılan sıcaklık ölçmelerinden derlenip, düzenlenmiştir. M. DOĞAN KANTARCI Figure 3.5. The wind directions and blowing ratio at 1500 m altitude in Cedar forest on the northern flank of Mount Barla (1-31.10.2010) 0,5 BARLA DAĞI SEDİR ORMANI (Garip Ormanı 1500 m) EKİM 2010 AYINDA SAATLİK RÜZGÂR YÖNLERİ VE ESME ORANLARI E-NE E-NE E-NE E-NE E-NE E-NE -0,2 W SW W SW SW SW W W SW SW NW W W W SW SW -0,3 23.00 22.00 21.00 NW NW NW 20.00 19.00 W W SW W SW W W W SW SW W SW SW SW HOURS W-SW SW SW SW 18.00 17.00 16.00 KB E-NE E-NE E-NE E E E NWNW 13.00 12.00 11.00 10.00 07.00 06.00 05.00 04.00 W E NW NW E W-SW -0,1 03.00 02.00 01.00 0 E-NE E-NE E-NE NW 09.00 NW 0,1 08.00 E NW NW E E 15.00 E-NE 0,2 00.00 NIGHTS MOUNTAIN BREEZE – DAYTIME LAKE BREEZEİ 0,3 14.00 0,4 W W SW SW SW -0,4 W-SW -0,5 W-SW W-SW W-SW -0,6 W-SW -0,7 W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW W-SW -0,8 KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. tarafından 2010 yılında Kapıdağ’da yapılan sıcaklık ölçmelerinden derlenip, düzenlenmiştir. M. DOĞAN KANTARCI Table 1 Course of the air humidity ratio at the time of day in the Months 2010 in Cedar forest (1500 m) on the north flank of Mount Barla Figure 4. Comparison of the air humidity at the time of day in the Months 2010 in Cedar forest (1500 m) on the north flank of Mount Barla 60,8 46,8 31,3 56,9 81,6 58,1 43,0 29,0 52,8 78,1 56,5 41,0 26,4 48,8 74,5 60,2 39,3 25,1 44,9 72,2 66,0 37,3 24,7 42,8 68,9 72,2 43,7 31,1 40,8 69,0 75,7 52,0 34,4 41,4 71,7 75,8 54,5 36,0 45,2 77,4 76,5 57,9 37,8 50,6 77,8 76,6 60,4 39,6 51,2 77,7 79,5 64,3 42,4 52,7 77,8 81,5 67,0 44,0 55,4 77,2 81,5 69,4 46,5 58,0 78,5 77,2 44,0 78,5 77,8 77,7 39,6 42,4 77,8 37,8 65 77,4 69,0 70 36,0 67,8 26,7 75 71,7 68,9 24,7 14.00 72,2 25,1 13.00 80 34,4 20.00 19.00 18.00 17.00 16.00 15.00 11.00 10.00 09.00 08.00 07.00 06.00 05.00 04.00 03.00 02.00 01.00 0 HOURS 00.00 5 KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. 2010 ölçmelerinden derlenip, değerlendirilmiştir. 20.06.2010 21.06.2010 22.06.2010 23.06.2010 24.06.2010 25.06.2010 26.06.2010 27.06.2010 28.06.2010 29.06.2010 30.06.2010 YALVAÇ DAILY % 70,8 63,3 52 71,9 78,8 87,3 68,7 65,6 79,1 67 68 46,5 M. DOĞAN KANTARCI Table 2. The air humidity in Cedar forest (1500 m) in Barla Mountain, in Senirkent and in Yalvaç in June 2010 CEDAR-1500 m DAILY % 71,3 41,7 49,3 75,0 76,6 93,9 82,8 75,1 84,2 68,8 75,1 Figure 5. Comparison of the air humidity ratio between Cedar Forest 1500 m, Senirkent and Yalvaç of June 2010 BARLA DAĞI SEDİR ORMANI (1500 m) İLE SENİRKENT (1000 m) VE YALVAÇ'TA (1100 m) HAZİRAN 2010 AYINDAN GÜNLÜK ORTALAMA HAVA NEMİ ORANLARININ KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI AIR HUMIDITY % 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 SENİRKENT DAILY % 59,6 48,4 41,4 58,9 61,8 90,6 60,8 59,1 76,9 60,8 66,3 23.00 10 22.00 15 20-30.VI.2010 1-31.VII.2010 1-31.VIII.2011 1-30.IX.2012 1-31.X.2010 21.00 20 31,1 25 29,0 30 31,3 35 34,6 40 38,0 45 42,0 50 45,4 55 51,6 60 56,5 RATİO OF AIR HUMIDITY % 67,3 38,8 26,7 42,1 67,8 BARLA DAĞI SEDİR ORMANINDA 2010 YILI YAZ VE SONBAHAR AYLARINDA ORTALAMA HAVA NEMİ ORANLARININ GÜN BOYUNCA SAATLİK DEĞİŞİMİ 74,5 62,5 51,0 34,6 60,9 86,1 26,4 67,2 55,4 38,0 71,8 89,0 12.00 68,1 59,7 42,0 71,3 88,5 78,1 84,7 51,9 72,9 64,8 45,4 68,5 88,4 81,6 82,9 50,2 73,5 68,8 51,6 68,5 86,9 86,1 82,1 49,5 85 81,4 90 48,4 95 82,1 81,2 56,5 67,5 85,4 89,0 80,7 79,2 51,9 65,8 84,7 88,4 79,8 77,7 50,2 62,8 82,9 86,9 1-31.X.2010 81,4 78,8 76,3 49,5 61,1 82,1 88,5 00.00 01.00 02.00 03.00 04.00 05.00 06.00 07.00 08.00 09.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00 21.00 22.00 23.00 85,4 HOURS 20-30.VI.2010 77,8 1-31.VII.2010 74,0 1-31.VIII.2011 48,4 1-30.IX.2012 58,9 KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. 2010 ölçmelerinden derlenip, değerlendirilmiştir. 30.06.2010 29.06.2010 28.06.2010 27.06.2010 26.06.2010 25.06.2010 24.06.2010 23.06.2010 22.06.2010 21.06.2010 20.06.2010 DAYS SENİRKENT GÜNLÜK DAYLY %% DAYLY %% YALVAÇ GÜNLÜK DAYLY %% SEDİR-1500 m GÜNLÜK M. DOĞAN KANTARCI Table 3. The air humidity in Cedar forest (1500 m) Barla, Mountain, in Senirkent and in Yalvaç in july 2010 Figure 6. Comparison of the air humidity ratio between Cedar Forest 1500 m, Senirkent and Yalvaç of July 2010 95 SENİRKENT GÜNLÜK % DAYLY % 90 DAYLY % YALVAÇ GÜNLÜK % 85 DAYLY % SEDİR-1500 m GÜNLÜK % 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. 2010 ölçmelerinden derlenip, değerlendirilmiştir. 31.07.2010 29.07.2010 27.07.2010 25.07.2010 23.07.2010 21.07.2010 19.07.2010 17.07.2010 15.07.2010 13.07.2010 0 DAYS 11.07.2010 5 09.07.2010 72,8 64,1 60,5 57,4 57,7 63,5 59,3 58,4 71,7 70,9 61,6 54,0 54,1 54,5 60,4 66,4 58,0 48,8 52,8 65,8 65,3 61,3 59,7 58,7 47,2 55,7 51,4 58,2 60,5 48,4 34,2 07.07.2010 63,3 55,5 48,4 45,6 49,9 55,5 53,9 47,8 56,2 57 55,1 48,8 45,5 44,6 47 52,4 40,8 37,2 24,3 40,5 BARLA DAĞI SEDİR ORMANI (1500 m) İLE SENİRKENT (1000 m) VE YALVAÇ'TA (1100 m) TEMMUZ 2010 AYINDA GÜNLÜK ORTALAMA HAVA NEMİ ORANLARI 05.07.2010 54,6 50,7 50,8 53,2 48,9 50,2 42,8 46 52,6 54,2 49,2 43,9 42 39,4 43,4 52,3 42,8 43,4 50,6 54,8 49,7 44 44,1 47,1 43,4 47,9 41 44,6 45,9 44,3 37,4 100 03.07.2010 SEDİR-1500 m DAYLY % 01.07.2010 YALVAÇ DAYLY % AIR HUMIDITY % 01.07.2010 02.07.2010 03.07.2010 04.07.2010 05.07.2010 06.07.2010 07.07.2010 08.07.2010 09.07.2010 10.07.2010 11.07.2010 12.07.2010 13.07.2010 14.07.2010 15.07.2010 16.07.2010 17.07.2010 18.07.2010 19.07.2010 20.07.2010 21.07.2010 22.07.2010 23.07.2010 24.07.2010 25.07.2010 26.07.2010 27.07.2010 28.07.2010 29.07.2010 30.07.2010 31.07.2010 SENİRKENT DAYLY % M. DOĞAN KANTARCI Table 4. The air humidity in Cedar forest (1500 m)Barla, Mountain, in Senirkent and in Yalvaç in August 2010 Figure 7. Comparison of the air humidity ratio between Cedar Forest 1500 m, Senirkent and Yalvaç of August 2010 100 BARLA DAĞI SEDİR ORMANI (1500 m) İLE SENİRKENT (1000 m) VE YALVAÇ'TA (1100 m) AĞUSTOS 2010 AYINDA GÜNLÜK ORTALAMA HAVA NEMİ ORANLARI 95 90 85 SENİRKENT GÜNLÜK % DAYLY % 80 DAYLY % YALVAÇ GÜNLÜK % 75 DAYLY % SEDİR-1500 m GÜNLÜK % 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. 2010 ölçmelerinden derlenip, değerlendirilmiştir. 31.08.2010 30.08.2010 29.08.2010 28.08.2010 27.08.2010 26.08.2010 25.08.2010 24.08.2010 23.08.2010 22.08.2010 21.08.2010 20.08.2010 19.08.2010 18.08.2010 17.08.2010 16.08.2010 15.08.2010 14.08.2010 13.08.2010 12.08.2010 11.08.2010 10.08.2010 09.08.2010 08.08.2010 07.08.2010 06.08.2010 05.08.2010 04.08.2010 03.08.2010 0 DAYS 02.08.2010 5 01.08.2010 YALVAÇ SEDİR-1500 m DAYLY % DAYLY % 30,5 38,8 36,3 30,3 53,1 57,4 53,3 47,4 45,8 27,2 45,3 31,6 37,6 28,9 34,3 31,1 31,1 40,8 39,8 31,1 40,1 41,1 32 39,2 36 52,3 35,2 43,7 36,6 43,9 27 28,9 26,7 27,6 30,3 33,9 35,3 39,1 37,8 34,8 41,6 36,4 43,2 34,7 47,6 38,8 AIR HUMIDITY % 01.08.2010 02.08.2010 03.08.2010 04.08.2010 05.08.2010 06.08.2010 07.08.2010 08.08.2010 09.08.2010 10.08.2010 11.08.2010 12.08.2010 13.08.2010 14.08.2010 15.08.2010 16.08.2010 17.08.2010 18.08.2010 19.08.2010 20.08.2010 21.08.2010 22.08.2010 23.08.2010 24.08.2010 25.08.2010 26.08.2010 27.08.2010 28.08.2010 29.08.2010 30.08.2010 31.08.2010 SENİRKENT DAYLY % 32,8 35 32,6 30,8 46,1 45,3 42,6 42,9 39 42,3 36,4 32,4 29,3 29,5 34,3 36,5 30,2 33,9 36,3 34 38,1 36,2 34,6 33 27 29,5 36,2 34,7 37,5 35,7 38,8 M. DOĞAN KANTARCI Table 5. The air humidity in Cedar forest (1500 m)Barla, Mountain, in Senirkent and in Yalvaç in September 2010 Figure 8. Comparison of the air humidity ratio between Cedar Forest 1500 m, Senirkent and Yalvaç of September 2010 YALVAÇ DAYLY % 44,5 43,4 41,7 42 49,2 56,8 50,7 37,9 34,5 40,5 58,5 65,8 53,2 45,4 44,8 58,4 43,1 34,8 42,2 50,4 52,5 48,6 45,4 44,4 51,6 54,5 55 48,9 62,2 67,6 BARLA DAĞI SEDİR ORMANI (1500 m) İLE SENİRKENT (1000 m) V E YALVAÇ'TA (1100 m) EYLÜL 2010 AYINDA GÜNLÜK ORTALAMA HAVA NEMİ ORANLARI SEDİR-1500 m DAYLY % 66,5 71,3 53,5 44,3 40,5 59,2 70,0 57,9 48,0 41,4 36,6 54,8 82,4 69,1 59,4 55,3 72,3 62,3 36,8 40,2 57,7 66,8 60,1 47,4 45,1 57,3 51,3 58,2 53,8 56,6 100 95 DAYLY % SENİRKENT GÜNLÜK % 90 DAYLY % YALVAÇ GÜNLÜK % 85 DAYLY % SEDİR-1500 m GÜNLÜK 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 DAYS 01.09.2010 02.09.2010 03.09.2010 04.09.2010 05.09.2010 06.09.2010 07.09.2010 08.09.2010 09.09.2010 10.09.2010 11.09.2010 12.09.2010 13.09.2010 14.09.2010 15.09.2010 16.09.2010 17.09.2010 18.09.2010 19.09.2010 20.09.2010 21.09.2010 22.09.2010 23.09.2010 24.09.2010 25.09.2010 26.09.2010 27.09.2010 28.09.2010 29.09.2010 30.09.2010 01.09.2010 02.09.2010 03.09.2010 04.09.2010 05.09.2010 06.09.2010 07.09.2010 08.09.2010 09.09.2010 10.09.2010 11.09.2010 12.09.2010 13.09.2010 14.09.2010 15.09.2010 16.09.2010 17.09.2010 18.09.2010 19.09.2010 20.09.2010 21.09.2010 22.09.2010 23.09.2010 24.09.2010 25.09.2010 26.09.2010 27.09.2010 28.09.2010 29.09.2010 30.09.2010 DAYLY % 60,9 48,9 50 45,1 42,8 52 54,2 47,8 47,6 42,2 41,2 50,1 54,6 47,4 50,6 47,1 64,3 51,9 41,5 43,4 50,9 58,8 50,7 41,9 41,2 51,2 49,8 49 43,4 52,9 AIR HUMIDITY % SENİRKENT KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. 2010 ölçmelerinden derlenip, değerlendirilmiştir. M. DOĞAN KANTARCI Table 6. The air humidity in Cedar forest (1500 m) Barla, Mountain, in Senirkent and in Yalvaç in October 2010 Figure 9. Comparison of the air humidity ratio between Cedar Forest 1500 m, Senirkent and Yalvaç of October 2010 SENİRKENT YALVAÇ SEDİR-1500 m DAYLY % DAYLY % DAYLY % 01.10.2010 53 57,9 68,1 02.10.2010 52,9 54,8 71,9 03.10.2010 51,3 52,8 66,3 04.10.2010 53,7 55,7 69,0 05.10.2010 47,7 51,6 60,1 06.10.2010 45,8 46,1 52,3 07.10.2010 60,8 62,9 74,6 75 08.10.2010 72,8 71,5 96,4 70 09.10.2010 66,6 66,5 90,8 10.10.2010 49,6 55 70,1 11.10.2010 45 46,5 56,4 12.10.2010 83,9 85 86,8 13.10.2010 71,7 73,7 78,9 14.10.2010 66,7 85,6 72,0 15.10.2010 61,5 81,7 73,2 16.10.2010 82,9 88,4 87,0 17.10.2010 77 82,2 88,0 18.10.2010 77,7 86,2 83,6 35 19.10.2010 67 89,4 67,4 30 20.10.2010 78,9 92,1 82,6 21.10.2010 71,5 82,2 86,0 22.10.2010 76,3 77,8 87,7 20 23.10.2010 74,3 76,3 87,2 24.10.2010 15 75,6 78,3 88,2 25.10.2010 73,9 77 80,6 26.10.2010 83,1 85,4 83,4 5 27.10.2010 86,6 91,6 92,3 28.10.2010 90,6 97,9 89,4 0 29.10.2010 75,1 87,5 96,5 30.10.2010 73,1 74,2 95,3 31.10.2010 75,8 71,5 79,6 BARLA DAĞI SEDİR ORMANI (1500 m) İLE SENİRKENT (1000 m) VE YALVAÇ'TA (1100 m) EKİM 2010 AYINDA GÜNLÜK ORTALAMA HAVA NEMİ ORANLARI 100 95 90 85 80 65 AIR HUMIDITY % 60 55 50 SENİRKENT GÜNLÜK % DAYLY % 45 DAYLY %% YALVAÇ GÜNLÜK 40 DAYLY % SEDİR-1500 m GÜNLÜK % 25 KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. 2010 ölçmelerinden derlenip, değerlendirilmiştir. 31.10.2010 29.10.2010 27.10.2010 25.10.2010 23.10.2010 21.10.2010 19.10.2010 17.10.2010 15.10.2010 13.10.2010 11.10.2010 09.10.2010 07.10.2010 05.10.2010 03.10.2010 DAYS 01.10.2010 10 M. DOĞAN KANTARCI 4.2. Data from the Senirkent meteorology station Temperature and precipitation data of the Senirkent Meteorology Station have been examined in four different periods between 1964-1970, 1970-1982, 1983-1993, 1994-2011. 4.3. Calculation of the average temperature values and the amount of precipitation according to altitude in Garip Forest Temperature and precipitation values obtained at the 1500 m altitude in Garip Forest have been compared to those measured in the Senirkent and Yalvaç stations during the same period. According to such comparison, it was concluded that the average temperature values and the amount of precipitation based on altitude in Garip Forest would best be calculated according to the data obtained from Senirkent. The temperature and precipitation change between Senirkent (1000 m) and Garip Forest at 1500 m altitude have been estimated as -0,62 C°/100 m and 25,8 mm/100 m respectively. Temperature and precipitation values of Garip Forest have been calculated according to the monthly average temperature and precipitation values measured in Senirkent during the 1994-2011 periode (Table 7, 8, 9 and figure 10, 11). Figure 10. Variation and comparison of the annual mean, maximum and minimum mean temperatures in the 1970-2011 periode. 20 1994-2011 MEAN 19,3 C 1982-1993 MEAN 17,9 C 1970-1981 MEAN 17,9 C 19 18 17 1964-1970 MEAN 17,3 C 16 15 1994-2011 MEAN 13,0 C 1970-1981 MEAN 12,4 C 14 13 12 11 1964-1970 MEAN 12,4 C 1982-1993 MEAN 12,1 C 10 9 1964-1970 MEAN 7,6 C 8 7 6 5 1970-1981 MEAN 6,6 C 4 1994-2011 MEAN 6,4 C 1982-1993 MEAN 5,7 C 3 2 KAYNAK: Devlet Meteoroloji işleri Gnl. Md’lüğü 1974 ve 2011 verilerinden derlenip, düzenlenmiştir. 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 1994 1992 1990 1988 1986 0 YEARS 1984 1 1982 17,8 17,4 17,3 17,6 17,5 17,5 17,5 18,5 18,4 18,7 18,1 18,5 17,2 17,2 18,1 18,1 18,8 17,6 17,7 18,6 18,6 17,7 16,5 18,3 19,1 18,4 18,6 17,8 19,5 19,7 18,7 20,3 19,4 18,8 19,2 19,3 18,6 20,2 20,1 19,5 20,9 19,9 1980 13,0 12,4 12,0 12,4 12,1 11,8 11,7 12,6 12,7 13,1 12,5 12,8 11,6 11,6 12,3 12,6 12,9 12,1 12,4 12,7 12,5 11,9 10,5 12,1 13,2 12,5 12,6 11,7 13,3 13,3 12,2 13,9 12,6 12,7 12,7 13,3 12,3 13,5 13,4 13,3 14,5 14,3 ORT.DÜŞ. C°C MEAN MIN. ORTALAMA MEAN CC° MEAN MAX. ORT.YÜK. C° C 21 1978 8,3 7,7 7,0 7,3 6,0 5,8 5,4 6,2 6,4 6,9 6,4 6,3 5,4 5,4 6,0 6,3 6,2 5,9 6,4 6,0 5,7 6,0 4,1 5,4 6,8 6,2 6,4 5,6 6,9 6,8 5,4 7,2 6,1 6,1 5,9 6,7 5,8 6,4 6,4 6,9 8,0 7,0 SENİRKENT'TE ORTALAMA, ORTALAMA DÜŞÜK VE ORTALAMA YÜKSEK SICAKLIK DEĞERLERİNİN DÖNEMSEL DEĞİŞİMİ 1976 MAX. C° C° TEMP. C° 22 1974 MIN. C° 1000 m 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 MEAN 1972 ANNUAL 1970 SENİR- ANNUAL ANNUAL KENT MEAN MEAN M. DOĞAN KANTARCI Figure 11. The variation of the monthly and Annuale Precipitation in Senirkent in the 1970-2011 periode PERIODICALY VARIATION OF THE ANNUALE PRECIPITATION IN SENİRKENT 1050 1000 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1964-1970 MEAN 733,5 mm 1994-2011 MEAN 691,1 mm 1970-1981 MEAN 676,2 mm 1982-1993 MEAN 590,5 mm 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 2010 2008 2006 2004 2002 2000 1998 1996 1994 1992 1990 1988 1986 1984 1982 1980 1978 1976 1974 1972 1970 mm 669,3 871,7 484,5 493,3 605,4 760,5 651,9 325,6 831,3 864,9 642,9 912,9 633,4 596,4 562,4 639,8 615,7 681,6 720,7 451,2 440,7 749,5 477,0 517,5 634,1 690,6 760,3 656,6 750,3 608,5 624,7 848,8 607,0 901,5 573,9 613,8 780,0 628,8 416,7 965,2 799,9 578,4 PRECIPITATION mm ANNUALY PERIODICALY VARIATION OF THE MONTHLY PRACIPITATION IN SENİRKENT 1964-1970 1994-2011 DIFFERENCE 1964/1970-1994/2011 FARK 1964-1970/1994-2011 PRECIPITATION mm SENİRKENT 1000 m 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 -7,5 I II 4,2 2,9 2,9 III IV -5,5 V VI 12,1 VII -3,9 21,2 IX X 3,2 VIII 1,9 XI XII -44,9 -28,8 MOUNTH VARIATION OF PERIODE 1964-1970 1970-1981 1982-1993 1994-2011 THE MONTHLY AND ANNUALY PRECIPITATION IN SENİRKENT ANNUAL I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII mm 109,3 92,4 77,5 74,4 48,1 37,6 7,9 8,8 28,2 33,3 67,0 148,8 733,5 111,0 81,8 69,1 54,2 67,2 37,5 11,3 8,3 12,8 57,5 66,5 99,2 676,2 55,3 66,3 65,5 77,5 51,9 36,6 13,4 11,6 7,9 37,4 81,7 85,6 590,5 80,5 84,9 81,7 77,3 51,0 32,1 20,0 12,0 24,3 54,5 68,9 103,9 691,1 DIFFERENCE -28,8 -7,5 4,2 2,9 2,9 -5,5 12,1 3,2 -3,9 21,2 1,9 -44,9 -42,4 WINTER PRECIPITATION (SNOW) IS DECREASED 1964-1970/1994-2011 KAYNAK: Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Gnl. Md’lüğü 1974 ve 2011 verilerinden derlenip, düzenlenmiştir. M. DOĞAN KANTARCI Table 7. Comparison of the mean temperature between Cedar Forest, Senirkent and Yalvaç Figure 12. Comparison of the mean temperature between Cedar Forest,Senirkent and Yalvaç DIFFERENCE SEPTEMBER OCTOBER SENİRKENT - CEDAR FOREST 3,7 3,6 2,8 2,8 3,3 27,5 25,4 24,6 23,9 19,0 24,7 21,7 DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE C°/100m 0,74 0,73 0,57 0,56 0,67 YALVAÇ CEDAR FOREST 1,93 2,7 1,2 1,4 1,7 SEDİR ORM. 1500 m YALVAÇ 1100 m C°/100m 0,48 0,70 0,30 0,35 0,44 4,0 Comment: 1.Mess point in Cedar Forest is west of Hoyran lake, and is among the North-East Windeffeckt. 2.Yalvaç is less cold and dry north-easterly wind effect on Sultan Mountains (Map 1). 3. Senirkent located at 1000m in the lowlands and is still warm. DIFFERENCE (C /100 m) 3,7 3,5 21,1 3,3 3,6 2,8 3,0 19,7 17,2 DIFFERENCE SENİRKENT 1000 m 2,8 2,7 SENİRKENT/KAPIDAĞ C° SENİRKENT/CEDAR FOREST C 2,5 18,3 SENİRKENT TO 1500 C°/100m m C /100m SENİRKENT/KAPIDAĞ YALVAÇ/CEDAR FOREST C YALVAÇ/KAPIDAĞ C° 12,9 15,3 11,3 9,6 TEMPERATURE C 29,0 28,0 27,0 26,0 25,0 24,0 23,0 22,0 21,0 20,0 19,0 18,0 17,0 16,0 15,0 14,0 13,0 12,0 11,0 10,0 9,0 8,0 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0 CEDAR FOREST SENİRKENT YALVAÇ 1500 m 1000 m 1100 m 15,3 19,0 17,2 21,7 25,4 23,9 24,7 27,5 24,6 18,3 21,1 19,7 9,6 12,9 11,3 TEMPERATURE C YEAR 2010 JUNE JULY AUGUST 2,0 YALVAÇ TO 1500C°/100m m C /100m YALVAÇ/KAPIDAĞ 1,93 1,7 1,5 1,2 1,0 0,74 0,73 1,4 0,57 0,48 0,30 0,0 JUNE HAZİRAN JULY TEMMUZ AUGUST AĞUSTOS SEPTEMBER EYLÜL OCTOBER EKİM 0,67 0,56 0,7 0,5 JUNE HAZİRAN KAYNAK: M. Avcı ve ark. Tarafından 2010 yılında Kapıdağ’da yapılan sıcaklık ölçmelerinden derlenip, düzenlenmiştir. JULY TEMMUZ AUGUST AĞUSTOS 0,44 0,35 SEPTEMBER EYLÜL OCTOBER EKİM M. DOĞAN KANTARCI Table 8. The variations of monthly temperature according to the elevations on the north flank of Mount Barla by the mean temperature values in 1994-2011 Senirkent Table 9. The variations of monthly precipitations according to the elevations on the north flank of Mount Barla by the mean precipitation values in 1994-2011 Senirkent The values each 100 m level is calculated according to the temperature measurements of the State Meteorology Service in Senirkent (2011) and M. Avcı et al. in the Cedar Forest (1500 m) ANNUALY ELEVATION m I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII MEAN C° 1000 2,1 3,3 6,8 11,4 17,0 21,6 25,2 24,8 19,2 13,4 7,3 3,6 13,0 1100 1,8 3,0 6,4 10,8 16,4 20,9 24,6 24,2 18,6 12,8 6,9 3,2 12,5 1200 1,5 2,7 5,9 10,2 15,8 20,3 24,0 23,7 18,1 12,1 6,5 2,9 11,9 1300 1,2 2,4 5,5 9,7 15,2 19,6 23,4 23,1 17,5 11,5 6,1 2,5 11,4 1400 0,9 2,1 5,0 9,1 14,7 18,9 22,8 22,6 16,9 10,9 5,6 2,1 10,8 1500 0,6 1,8 4,6 8,5 14,1 18,3 22,2 22,0 16,4 10,2 5,2 1,8 10,3 1600 0,3 1,5 4,1 7,9 13,5 17,6 21,6 21,5 15,8 9,6 4,8 1,4 9,7 1700 0,0 1,2 3,7 7,3 12,9 16,9 21,0 20,9 15,3 9,0 4,4 1,0 9,2 1800 -0,3 0,9 3,2 6,8 12,3 16,2 20,4 20,4 14,7 8,3 4,0 0,7 8,6 1900 -0,6 0,6 2,8 6,2 11,7 15,6 19,8 19,8 14,1 7,7 3,6 0,3 8,1 2000 -0,9 0,3 2,3 5,6 11,1 14,9 19,2 19,2 13,6 7,1 3,1 -0,1 7,5 2100 -1,2 0,0 1,9 5,0 10,6 14,2 18,6 18,7 13,0 6,4 2,7 -0,4 7,0 2200 -1,5 -0,3 1,4 4,4 10,0 13,6 (DECREASED OF TEMPERATURE - 6,2 C /100 m) 18,0 18,1 12,4 5,8 2,3 -0,8 6,4 M. DOĞAN KANTARCI The values each 100 m level is calculated according to the precipitation measurements of the State Meteorology Service in Senirkent (2011) and M. Avcı et al. in the Cedar Forest (1500 m) ELEVATION m II III IV 80,5 84,9 81,7 77,3 51,0 32,1 20,0 12,0 24,3 54,5 68,9 103,9 691,1 83,5 88,0 84,8 80,2 52,9 33,3 20,8 12,5 25,2 56,5 71,4 107,7 716,9 86,5 91,2 87,8 83,1 54,8 34,5 21,5 12,9 26,2 58,6 74,0 111,6 742,7 89,5 94,4 90,9 85,9 56,7 35,7 22,3 13,4 27,1 60,6 76,6 115,5 768,6 1400 92,5 97,6 93,9 88,8 58,6 36,9 23,0 13,8 28,0 62,6 79,2 119,4 794,4 1500 95,5 100,7 97,0 91,7 60,5 38,1 23,8 14,3 28,9 64,7 81,7 123,3 820,2 1600 98,5 103,9 100,0 94,6 62,4 39,3 24,5 14,7 29,8 66,7 84,3 127,1 846,1 1700 101,5 107,1 103,1 97,5 64,3 40,5 25,3 15,2 30,7 68,7 86,9 131,0 871,9 1800 104,5 110,2 106,1 100,4 66,3 41,7 26,0 15,6 31,6 70,8 89,5 134,9 897,7 1900 107,5 113,4 109,2 103,3 68,2 43,0 26,8 16,1 32,5 72,8 92,0 138,8 923,5 2000 110,5 116,6 112,2 106,2 70,1 44,2 27,5 16,5 33,4 74,8 94,6 142,7 949,4 2100 113,5 119,8 115,3 109,1 72,0 45,4 28,3 17,0 34,3 76,9 97,2 146,6 975,2 116,6 122,9 118,3 111,9 73,9 46,6 29,0 17,4 35,3 78,9 99,8 (CHANGE OF PRECIPITATION 25,8 mm/100 m) 150,4 1001,0 1000 1100 1200 1300 I V VI VII 2200 VIII IX X XI XII ANNUALY PRECIPT. mm M. DOĞAN KANTARCI 4.4. Locations and properties of the ant nests The southern border of the natural area of expansion for the red ant (F. rufa), which is commonly seen in some areas of the coniferous forests in Turkey and being one of the most significant biological struggle factors, is Isparta-Senirkent Garip cedar forest (Aktaç, 1987). A 250 x 250 m square network has been used for identifying the locations and properties of the ant nests in Garip Forest (See Map 2). Sample areas are located in the center of such squares and lined with 250 m interval. The research area of is 582,3 hectares. There are 90 sample areas within that area. Each sample is 50x50 = 2500 m2. There are no ant nests in 49 of such sample areas. A total of 132 nests have been spotted within the 41 sample areas where ant nests have been found. Properties of the nests and their respective locations are shown in the Map 5. Map 5. The characteristics of the habitat of ants in Cedar forest on the northern flank Barla Mountain 0 0,25 050 1 RESEARCH AREA DISTANCE OF SAMPLE PLOTS NUMBER OF SAMPLE AREA ANTS NESTS NOT INCLUDED ANTS NESTS INCLUDED TREE SPECIES CEDAR CEDAR+BLACK PINE 1,5 582,3 ha 250 m 90 (50x50 m) 49 41 132 NESTS SAYI 100 ORAN % 76 26 19 BLACK PINE 6 5 SUMME ELEVATION m < 1500 m 132 100 NEST AREA WOOD LOG WOOD BOTTOM WOOD TURNED 22 17 1500–1700 m 94 71 > 1700 m 16 12 0o-15o 43 33 16o -26o 75 57 27o 14 10 SLOPE % -38o 2 km LOG IN BUSH VITALITE VITAL/ACTIVE POWERLESS/ SCATTERED PIGS LOSS YES NO ELEVATION m 1550-1600 SAYI 91 13 11 16 ORAN % 69 10 9 12 1250-1300 1600-1650 1300-1350 1650-1700 1350-1400 1700-1750 79 53 60 1400-1450 1750-1800 1450-1500 1800-1850 1500-1550 1850-1900 40 30 102 23 77 EXPO.-ANGLE NUMBER RATIO % 292,6o-45o 145,1o-167,5o 95 5 96 4 0-22,5 22,6-45,0 45,1-67,5 67,6-90,0 90,1-122,5 122,6-145,0 145,1-167,5 167,6-180,0 180,1-202,5 202,6-225,0 225,1-247,5 247,6-270,0 270,1-292,5 292,6-315,0 315,1-337,5 337,6-360,0 51 21 5 3 23 29 39 16 4 2 17 22 5. CONCLUSION 5.1. According to the meteorological data obtained in the Cedar (Garip) Forest: (1) Directions of the winds blowing over Hoyran Lake and the north facing slopes of Barla Mountain (Garip Forest) during the day and night are different. Such winds blow from lake to the mountain during daytime in the form of a “Lake breeze”, whereas they blow from mountain to the lake at nighttime in the form of a “Mountain breeze”. The lake breeze brings the humidity vaporizing from water surface to the mountain slopes. Formation of the cedar belt (Cedrus libani) in Garip Forest depends on the humidity brought by the lake breeze (Map 1, figure 1). (2) The hourly average humidity rates measured in the cedar forest at the 1500 m altitude to decrease from the month VI to the month VIII, and increase a little bit in the month IX and increase even more in the month X (Table 1, figure 4). The hours when the humidity rate is the highest during daytime in the months VI, VII, VIII is 400 hours, and in the month IX and X, between 600 and 800 hours. Monthly mean humidity rate can fall as low as 25 % on average at noon during august. In order to prevent perspiration against the decrease in humidity, the needles of cedar trees release a bluish wax (Figure 1). The average daily humidity rates of cedar forests are higher than those measured in Senirkent and Yalvaç at 1500 meter altitude (Tables 2-6, and figures 5-9). (3) Temperature values measured in the cedar forest are lower than those measured in Senirkent and Yalvaç (Table 7, figure 12). Senirkent (1000 m) is hotter than Yalvaç (1100 m). The temperature difference is highly remarkable and it simply can not be explained with the difference in height by 100 meters. Yalvaç is under the influence of the cold air mass from the Sultan Mountains (Map 1). The temperature difference between the 1500 m altitude Cedar Forest and Senirkent is between 0,56-0,74 C°/100 m. The temperature difference between the 1500 m cedar forest and Yalvaç is between 0,30-0,70 C° (Table 7, figure 12). (4) During the period of such measurement, the following amounts of precipitation have been recorded respectively: Cedar Forest 257,2 mm, Senirkent 236,1 mm, Yalvaç 168,8 mm (Table 7, figure 12). 5.2. According to the data obtained from Senirkent Meteorology Station: (1) When it is based on the average annual temperature values during the period 1964-1970; - Average annual temperature values have been calculated as follows: 12,4 C° between 19641970; 12,4 C° between 1970-1981; 12,1 C° between 1982-1993; 13,0 C° between 1994-2011 (Figure 10). - Average annual high temperature values have been calculated as follows: 17,3 C° between 1964-1970; 17,9 C° between 1970-1981; 17,9 C° between 1982-1993; 19,3 C° between 19942011. - Average annual low temperature values have been calculated as follows: 7,6 C° between 1964-1970; 6,6 C° between 1970-1981; 5,7 C° between 1982-1993; 6,4 C° between 19942011. - The decrease in the temperature values during the period between 1982-1993 is the due to the 5 volcano eruptions occurred during the same period. - Average annual temperature values have increased by 0,6 C0 during the period between 1994-2011 as compared to the period between 1964-1970. - Average annual high temperature values have increased by 2 C0 during the period between 1994-2011 as compared to the period between1964-1970.Such increases indicate a significant warming trend that commenced after 1994. - Monthly temperature values are estimated as 1,0-1,7 C° in average temperatures; as 0,2-0,7 C° in average low temperatures; and as 1,8-2,7 C° in average high temperatures (Figure 10). (2) Average annual precipitation in Senirkent have been calculated as 733,5 mm in the period between 1964-1970; as 676,2 mm in the period between 1970-1982; as 590,5 mm in the period between 1983-1993; and as 691,1 mm in the period between 1994-2011 (Figure 11). When the monthly amounts of precipitation are compared, it is seen that the winter precipitation (snowfall) is decreased during the period between 1994 and 2011. Recurrence of high precipitations over the monthly average of 50 mm in Senirkent has been calculated as 0,92 during the period between 1970-1982 (11 high precipitations/12 years); as 1,00 during the period between 1983-1993 (12 high precipitations/12 years); as 1,78 during the period between 1994 and 2011 (32 high precipitations/18 years). Such estimations indicate that downpour rates increased over the months in spring, summer and fall. (3) Average temperature values and precipitation amounts for the 100 m altitude digits in the Cedar (Garip) Forest have been estimated according to the data obtained from Senirkent during the period between 1994-2011. It has been estimated that the temperature decreased by -0,62 C0 at 100 m, and that the precipitation increased by 25,8 mm at 100 m based on the data gathered from the 1500 m altitude Cedar Forest measurements and Senirkent. Such values have been employed in the calculation (Table 8 and 9). 5.3. According to the findings concerning the ant nests: (1) No ant nests could be found in 49 of the 90 sample areas scanned in the research area (582,3 ha) with 250 m gaps. The number of ant nests in the 41 samples areas where ant nests were located is 132. The ants have created their nests in the secure areas where pests, as preys for ants, are located or the areas close by (Map 5). (2) 76 % of the ant nests are located in the cedar forest, and 19 % of them are in cedar and black pine mixed forest, and 5 % of them are in the black pine forest. The pests living in the cedar trees have attracted the ants into those parts. Moreover the cedar needles are more suitable for ants to create their nests than that of black pine needles. (3) 71 % of the ant nests are located at the altitudes between 1500-1700 m. Nests in the lower parts are estimated to be as 17 % (<1500 m) and in the higher parts as 12 % (>1700 m). Such a habitat expansion indicates the common existence of pests at the altitudes between 1500 m and 1700 m. The altitude below is too dry for pests, and the altitude above is too cold for them. (4) 96 % of the ant nests are concentrated on the north facing slopes. 19 % (2+17) of the nests are located in the north-northwest facing slope, 61 % (22+39) of them are in the north facing slope and 16 % of them are in the north-north east facing slope (Map 5). (5) Ants have created 57 % of their nests on the slopes with 16-26 % inclination. 33 % of the nests have been found on the slopes with the inclination lesser than 15 %, and 10 % of them have been found in the slopes with 27 to 38 % inclination. The steep slopes on the northern direction are colder as they get lesser sunshine, and the slopes with lesser inclination and the plains are hotter and drier as they get more sunshine. It seems that the pests and the ants eating them prefer warmer humid slopes with average inclination. (6) Ants support their nests against the cut down wood blocks, tree bottoms or collapsed trees. They also prefer the wood blocks among the bushes. There are two reasons for that: First reason is to ensure the safety of the ant eggs, the young ants and the places where they store food stuff. Because the estimate of the ant nestles harmed by pigs is 23 %. The second reason is for inhabiting in the warmer sections of the nests inside the rotten tree roots during the winter time. (7) The properties of the land where the ant nests are located present a distribution in line with the humidity effect of the Hoyran Lake. However one should not lose sight of the fact that such a distribution is also influenced by the pests, being the primary source of nutrition for ants. In order to investigate the matter more thoroughly, the relationship between the soil properties in the forests where the ants are located and the annual tree ring width of the cedar trees and annual climate changes should also be examined and analyzed. As a conclusion; Hoyran Lake and the prevailing winds coming from the lake bring humidity over the north facing slopes of Barla Mountain. Humidity effect originating from the lake has resulted in the creation of a climate type peculiar to the Garip Forest. Such climate characteristics have both enabled the expansion of cedar trees in the region, and the inhabitation of the ants that eat the pests harming the forest. The ants have nested in the land that is under the influence of the humidity of the lake. KAYNAKLAR Aktaç, N. 1987. Kırmızı Orman Karıncalarının (Formica rufa, Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Türkiye’deki yayılışları ve taksonomisi üzerine araştırmalar. Türkiye I. Entomoloji Kongresi, (685-694) İzmir. Avcı, M. 2011. Formica rufa L. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Kırmızı Orman Karıncası)’nın IspartaSenirkent Sedir Ormanlarında Envanteri ve Habitat Tercihlerinin Belirlenmesi TÜBİTAK Proje Nu: 110O004 (107 s.)-Süleyman Demirel Üni. Orman Fakültesi Orman Entomolojisi ve Koruma A. D.-Isparta Carus, S., Avcı, M. 2005. Growth loss of Lebanon cedar (Cedrus libani) stands as related to periodic outbreaks of the cedar shoot moth (Dichelia cedricola). Phytoparasitica.31(2) (118–123). Erinç, S. 1969, Klimatoloji ve Metodları. 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