Turkish Style Guide
Transkript
Turkish Style Guide
Turkish Style Guide Contents What's New? .................................................................................................................................... 4 New Topics ................................................................................................................................... 4 Updated Topics ............................................................................................................................ 4 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 5 About This Style Guide ................................................................................................................ 5 Scope of This Document .............................................................................................................. 5 Style Guide Conventions .............................................................................................................. 5 Sample Text ................................................................................................................................. 6 Recommended Reference Material ............................................................................................. 7 Normative References .............................................................................................................. 7 Informative References ............................................................................................................. 7 Language Specific Conventions ...................................................................................................... 8 Country/Region Standards ........................................................................................................... 8 Characters ................................................................................................................................ 8 Date ........................................................................................................................................ 10 Time ........................................................................................................................................ 11 Numbers ................................................................................................................................. 13 Sorting ..................................................................................................................................... 16 Geopolitical Concerns ................................................................................................................ 20 Grammar, Syntax & Orthographic Conventions ......................................................................... 21 Adjectives ................................................................................................................................ 21 Articles .................................................................................................................................... 21 Capitalization .......................................................................................................................... 22 Compounds............................................................................................................................. 23 Gender .................................................................................................................................... 23 Genitive ................................................................................................................................... 23 Modifiers ................................................................................................................................. 23 Nouns ...................................................................................................................................... 24 Prepositions ............................................................................................................................ 24 Pronouns ................................................................................................................................. 25 Punctuation ............................................................................................................................. 25 Singular & Plural ..................................................................................................................... 29 Split Infinitive ........................................................................................................................... 29 Subjunctive ............................................................................................................................. 29 Symbols & Non-Breaking Spaces........................................................................................... 29 Syntax ..................................................................................................................................... 30 Verbs ....................................................................................................................................... 30 Word Order ............................................................................................................................. 30 Style and Tone Considerations .................................................................................................. 31 Audience ................................................................................................................................. 31 Style ........................................................................................................................................ 31 Tone ........................................................................................................................................ 31 Voice ....................................................................................................................................... 31 Localization Guidelines .................................................................................................................. 33 General Considerations ............................................................................................................. 33 Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... 33 Accessibility ............................................................................................................................ 33 Acronyms ................................................................................................................................ 34 Applications, Products, and Features ..................................................................................... 34 Frequent Errors ....................................................................................................................... 34 Glossaries ............................................................................................................................... 35 Fictitious Information ............................................................................................................... 35 Recurring Patterns .................................................................................................................. 35 Standardized Translations ...................................................................................................... 36 Unlocalized Items.................................................................................................................... 36 Using the Word Microsoft ....................................................................................................... 37 Software Considerations ............................................................................................................ 38 User Interface ......................................................................................................................... 38 Messages ................................................................................................................................ 40 Keys ........................................................................................................................................ 45 Document Translation Considerations ....................................................................................... 50 Titles ....................................................................................................................................... 50 Cross References ................................................................................................................... 50 Copyright ................................................................................................................................. 51 What's New? Last Updated: February 2011 New Topics The following topics were added: Language Specific Conventions Updated Topics The following topics were updated: Localization Guidelines – Examples and additional information are added. Product Specific Guidelines – Product Specific Sections are added for Windows and Windows Live. 4 Introduction This Style Guide went through major revision in February 2011 in order to remove outdated and unnecessary content. About This Style Guide The purpose of this Style Guide is to provide everybody involved in the localization of Turkish Microsoft products with Microsoft-specific linguistic guidelines and standard conventions that differ from or are more prescriptive than those found in language reference materials. These conventions have been adopted after considering context based on various needs, but above all, they are easy to follow and applicable for all types of software to be localized. The Style Guide covers the areas of formatting, and grammatical conventions. It also presents the reader with a general idea of the reasoning behind the conventions. The present Style Guide is a revision of our previous Style Guide version with the intention of making it more standardized, more structured, and easier to use as a reference. The guidelines and conventions presented in this Style Guide are intended to help you localize Microsoft products and materials. We welcome your feedback, questions and concerns regarding the Style Guide. We welcome your feedback, questions and concerns regarding the Style Guide. You can send us your feedback via the Microsoft Language Portal feedback page. Scope of This Document This Style Guide is intended for the localization professional working on Microsoft products. It is not intended to be a comprehensive coverage of all localization practices, but to highlight areas where Microsoft has preference or deviates from standard practices for Turkish localization. Style Guide Conventions In this document, a plus sign (+) before a translation example means that this is the recommended correct translation. A minus sign (-) is used for incorrect translation examples. In Microsoft localization context, the word term is used in a slightly untraditional sense, meaning the same as e.g. a segment in Trados. The distinguishing feature of a term here is that it is translated as one unit; it may be a traditional term (as used in terminology), a phrase, a sentence, or a paragraph. References to interface elements really only refer to translatable texts associated with those interface elements. Example translations in this document are only intended to illustrate the point in question. They are not a source of approved terminology. Always check for approved translation in the Microsoft terminology database. 5 Sample Text KiĢisel bilgilerinizin güçlü parolalarla korunmasına yardımcı olun Parolalarınız, bilgisayarınızda ve çevrimiçi hesaplarınızda depolanan kiĢisel bilgilerinize eriĢmek için kullandığınız anahtarlardır. Dolandırıcılar veya diğer kötü amaçlı kullanıcılar bu bilgileri çalmayı baĢarırsa, sizin adınızı kullanarak yeni kredi kartı hesapları açabilir, kredi baĢvurularında bulunabilir veya çevrimiçi iĢlemler gerçekleĢtirebilir. Çoğu durumda, çok geç oluncaya kadar bu saldırıları fark etmezsiniz. Ancak, güçlü parolalar oluĢturarak bu bilgilerin korunmasını sağlayabilirsiniz. Güçlü parola nedir? Saldırgan açısından, güçlü parola rastgele karakterler dizisi olmalıdır. AĢağıdaki ölçütler parolalarınızın güçlü olmasını sağlayabilir: Uzun bir parola belirleyin. Parolanıza eklediğiniz her karakter, sağlanan koruma düzeyini önemli ölçüde artırır. Parolalarınız 8 veya daha fazla karakterden oluĢmalıdır; en uygunu, 14 karakter ve fazlasıdır. Çoğu sistem parolalarda boĢluk kullanılmasını da destekler, böylece birden çok sözcükten oluĢan bir cümle ("geçiĢ cümlesi") oluĢturabilirsiniz. GeçiĢ cümlesi, basit bir parola ile karĢılaĢtırıldığında daha kolay anımsanabilir, daha uzundur ve tahmin edilmesi daha zordur. Harfler, sayılar ve simgeler içeren bir birleşim kullanın. Parolanızda ne kadar farklı türde karakter olursa, parolanın tahmin edilmesi o kadar zorlaĢır. Diğer önemli özellikler Ģunlardır: • Parolanızda ne kadar az türde karakter olursa, parola o kadar uzun olmalıdır. Rastgele harf ve sayılardan oluĢan 15 karakter uzunluğundaki bir parola, klavyede bulunan herhangi 8 karakterden oluĢan bir paroladan 33.000 kat daha güçlüdür. Simgeler içeren bir parola oluĢturamazsanız, aynı koruma düzeyini elde etmek için çok daha uzun bir parola oluĢturmalısınız. Ġdeal bir parola, yeterince uzun olmalı ve farklı simge türleri içermelidir. • Klavyenin tamamını kullanın, yalnızca genel karakterleri değil. "Shift" tuĢu basılı tutularak yazılan simgeler ve sayılar, parolalarda sık görülen öğelerdir. Klavyenin üst satırında bulunmayan noktalama iĢaretleri ve dilinize özgü simgeler de dahil klavyedeki tüm simgeler arasından seçim yaparsanız parolanız çok daha güçlü olacaktır. Sizin anımsamanız kolay, ancak baĢkalarının tahmin etmesi zor olan sözcük ve ifadeler kullanın. Parolalarınızı ve geçiĢ cümlelerinizi anımsamanın en kolay yolu onları yazmaktır. Genel kanının aksine, parolaların yazılmasında herhangi bir sakınca yoktur; ancak güvenli ve etkin kalabilmeleri için iyi korunmaları gerekir. Genel olarak, bir kağıda not alınan parolaların bir parola yöneticisi, Web sitesi veya yazılım tabanlı baĢka bir depolama aracıyla karĢılaĢtırıldığında, Internet üzerinden ele geçirilmeleri çok daha zordur. Microsoft Evde Güvenlik sitesi 07.02.2011 tarihinde saat 10.30’da oluĢturuldu 6 Recommended Reference Material Use the Turkish language and terminology as described and used in the following publications. Normative References These normative sources must be adhered to. Any deviation from them automatically fails a string in most cases. When more than one solution is allowed in these sources, look for the recommended one in other parts of the Style Guide. 1. Yazım Kılavuzu (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları – Ankara 2009) 2. Türkçe Sözlük (Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları – Ankara 2009) 3. Güncel Türkçe Sözlük ve Yazım Kılavuzu – TDK Web Sitesi (www.tdk.gov.tr) 4. Türkçe Sözlük ve Yazım Kılavuzu – Dil Derneği Sitesi (http://www.dildernegi.org.tr) Informative References These sources are meant to provide supplementary information, background, comparison, etc. 1. Ana Yazım Kılavuzu (Ömer Asım Aksoy – Epsilon Yayınevi 2006) 2. Dil YanlıĢları (Ömer Asım Aksoy – Ġnkılap Yayınevi 2008) 3. Türkiye BiliĢim Derneği BiliĢim Sözlüğü (www.tbd.org.tr) 4. ODTÜ Elektronik ve Bilgisayar Terimleri Sözlüğü (http://sozluk.bidb.odtu.edu.tr/) 5. http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF972ACAD7D1AFFDBF 7 Language Specific Conventions This part of the Style Guide contains information about standards specific to Turkish. Country/Region Standards Characters Country/region Turkey Lower-case characters a, b, c, ç, d, e, f, g, ğ, h, ı, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, ö, p, r, s, Ģ, t, u, ü, v, y, z Upper-case characters A, B, C, Ç, D, E, F, G, Ğ, H, I, Ġ, J, K, L, M, N, O, Ö, P, R, S, ġ, T, U, Ü, V, Y, Z Characters in caseless scripts n/a Extended Latin characters ç, Ç, ğ, Ğ, ı, Ġ, ö, Ö, Ģ, ġ, ü, Ü Note on alphabetical order Alphabetical order is indicative of sorting order. Total number of characters 29 Unicode codes Char Unicode A 0041 a 0061 B 0042 b 0062 C 0043 c 0063 Ç 00c7 ç 00e7 D 0044 d 0064 E 0045 e 0065 F 0046 f 0066 G 0047 g 0067 Ğ 011e 8 Country/region Turkey ğ 011f H 0048 h 0068 I 0049 ı 0131 Ġ 0130 i 0069 J 004a j 006a K 004b k 006b L 004c l 006c M 004d m 006d N 004e n 006e O 004f o 006f Ö 00d6 ö 00f6 P 0050 p 0070 R 0052 r 0072 S 0053 s 0073 ġ 015e Ģ 015f T 0054 t 0074 U 0055 u 0075 Ü 00dc 9 Country/region Notes Turkey ü 00fc V 0056 v 0076 Y 0059 y 0079 Z 005a z 007a Please note that in Turkish “ı” and “i”, and “I” and “Ġ” are different letters and in the sorting order, the dotless forms come before the ones with dots. Also, ğ and Ğ (g with a breve) are not used at the beginning of the words. Date Country/region Turkey Calendar/Era Gregorian First Day of the Week Monday First Week of the Year The week that contains the first 4 days of the new year. Separator . (period) Default Short Date Format dd.MM.yyyy Example 17.03.2011 Default Long Date Format dd MMMM yyyy dddd Example 17 Mart 2011 PerĢembe Additional Short Date Format 1 d MMM yyyy Example 7 Mar 2011 Additional Short Date Format 2 d MMMM yyyy Example 7 Mart 2011 Additional Long Date Format 1 d MMMM yyyy dddd Example 7 Mart 2011 Pazartesi Additional Long Date Format 2 n/a Example n/a 10 Country/region Turkey Leading Zero in Day Field for Short Date Format Yes Leading Zero in Month Field for Short Date Format Yes No. of digits for year for Short Day Format 4 Leading Zero in Day Field for Long Date Format yes Leading Zero in Month Field for Long Date Format n/a Number of digits for year for Long Day Format 4 Date Format for Correspondence d.MM.yyyy Example 17.03.2011 Notes / (slash) is also used as a separator in short date format. e.g. 17/03/2011 No blanks are allowed before or after the date separators. d is for day, number of d's indicates the format (d = digits without leading zero, dd = digits with leading zero, ddd = the abbreviated day name, dddd = full day name) Abbreviations in Format Codes M is for month, number of M's gives number of digits. (M = digits without leading zero, MM = digits with leading zero, MMM = the abbreviated name, MMMM = full name) y is for year, number of y's gives number of digits (yy = two digits, yyyy = four digits) Time Country/region Turkey 24 hour format yes Standard time format HH:mm:ss Standard time format example 15:24:12 Time separator colon 11 Country/region Turkey Time separator examples 03:24:12 Hours leading zero yes Hours leading zero example 03:24:12 String for AM designator n/a String for PM designator n/a Notes Apart from technical reasons in software, standard format (as it is mentioned in a standard text) for time is “HH.dd”, and leading zero is not used. e.g. “15.30” or “8.15” Days Country/region: Turkey Day Normal Form Abbreviation Monday Pazartesi Pzt Tuesday Salı Sal Wednesday ÇarĢamba Çar Thursday PerĢembe Per Friday Cuma Cum Saturday Cumartesi Cmt Sunday Pazar Paz First Day of Week: Monday Is first letter capitalized?: Yes Notes: n/a Months Country/region: Turkey Month Full Form Abbreviated Form Long Date Form January Ocak Oca Ocak February ġubat ġub ġubat March Mart Mar Mart 12 Month Full Form Abbreviated Form Long Date Form April Nisan Nis Nisan May Mayıs May Mayıs June Haziran Haz Haziran July Temmuz Tem Temmuz August Ağustos Ağu Ağustos September Eylül Eyl Eylül October Ekim Eki Ekim November Kasım Kas Kasım December Aralık Ara Aralık Is first letter capitalized?: Yes Notes: n/a Numbers Latin numbers are used in Turkish. Phone Numbers Country/ region International Dialing Code Area Codes Used? Number of Digits – Area Codes Separator Number of Digits – Domestic Digit Groupings – Domestic Turkey 90 yes 3 space 11 0### ### ## ## Country/ region Number of Digits – Local Digit Groupings – Local Number of Digits – Mobile Digit Groupings – Mobile Number of Digits – International Digit Groupings – International 7; 11 ### ## ##; 0### ### ## ## 11 0### ### ## ## 13 +90 ### ### ## ## Notes: See the examples below: Local: 123 45 67 Long distance (Inter-city call): 0216 123 45 67 International: 00 353 1 123 45 67 13 With Extension: 0216 123 45 67 - 125 or 0216 123 45 67dahili: 125. Mobile phone: 0532 123 45 67 Addresses Country/region: Turkey Disclaimer: Please note that the information in this entry should under no circumstances be used in examples as fictitious information. Address Format: 1. [Title/Honorific] FirstName LastName 2. [CompanyName] 3. Address1 4. [Address2] 5. [CountryCode-] PostalCode [Municipality]/District/City 6. [Country] Example Address: Emre Ilgaz [FirstName + SecondName] Tıp Fakültesi Cad.[Address1] Koru Apt. 131/19 [Address2] 06450 Dikmen/Ankara [PostalCode + Municipality/City] Local Postal Code Format: XXXXX Notes: “State/province” do not exists as such and are not used in addresses. Currency Country/region Turkey Currency Name Turkish Lira Currency Symbol TL Currency Symbol Position Numeral is followed by a space and TL Positive Currency Format 1,1 TL Negative Sign Symbol - Negative Currency Format -1,1 TL Decimal Symbol , Number of Digits after Decimal 2 Digit Grouping Symbol . 14 Number of Digits in Digit Grouping 3 Positive Currency Example 123.456.789,00 TL Negative Currency Example -123.456.789,00 TL ISO Currency Code TRY Currency Subunit Name KuruĢ Currency Subunit Symbol Kr Currency Subunit Example 50 Kr Digit Groups Country/region: Turkey Decimal Separator: , Decimal Separator Description: comma Decimal Separator Example: 3,5 Thousand Separator: . Thousand Separator Description: period Thousand Separator Example: 22.236.590 Notes: Version numbers are not treated as numerals. They kept as is. Numbers with more than four digits are grouped. e.g. 32.500 and 4000 Measurement Units Metric System Commonly Used?: Yes Temperature: Celsius Category English Translation Abbreviation Linear Measure Kilometer Kilometre km Meter Metre m Decimeter Desimetre dm Centimeter Santimetre cm Millimeter Milimetre mm Hectoliter Hektolitre hl Capacity 15 Category Mass English Units of Measurement English Translation Abbreviation Liter Litre l Deciliter Desilitre dl Centiliter Santilitre cl Milliliter Mililitre ml Ton Ton T Kilogram Kilogram kg Pound Libre lb Gram Gram gr Decigram Desigram dg Centigram Santigram cg Milligram Miligram mg Inch Ġnç inç Feet Ayak/Fit ft Mile Mil mi Gallon Galon n/a Notes: n/a Percentages Percentage sign (%) should precede the numeral. There should be no spaces between percentage sign and number. e.g. %5, %76,5 Sorting Sorting rules 1. Capital letters and lowercase letters are equal. No distinction is made between them. 2. The extended characters ç, Ç, ğ, Ğ, ı, Ġ, ö, Ö, Ģ, ġ, and ü, Ü are not the equivalents of c, C, g, G, i, I, o, O, s, S or u, U but treated as separate letters of the alphabet. 3. The Characters Q, q, X, x, and W, w (not used in Turkish, but may come up in English examples or words imported from other languages are sorted as in English. 4. Non-alphabetical characters (i.e. symbols like @ ! #) sort before the letters of the alphabet. 5. Accented characters from other languages are equal with non-accented characters; so é and 16 e are equal. 6. Digits sort after the non-alphabetical characters and before the letters of the alphabet. Character sorting order Char Dec Hex A 65 0041 a 97 0061 B 66 0042 b 98 0062 C 67 0043 c 99 0063 Ç 199 00c7 ç 231 00e7 D 68 0044 d 100 0064 E 69 0045 e 101 0065 F 70 0046 f 102 0066 G 71 0047 g 103 0067 Ğ 286 011e ğ 287 011f H 72 0048 h 104 0068 I 73 0049 ı 253 00fd Ġ 221 00dd i 105 0069 J 74 004a j 106 006a K 75 004b 17 k 107 006b L 76 004c l 108 006c M 77 004d m 109 006d N 78 004e n 110 006e O 79 004f o 111 006f Ö 214 00d6 ö 246 00f6 P 80 0050 p 112 0070 R 82 0052 r 114 0072 S 83 0053 s 115 0073 ġ 350 015e Ģ 351 015f T 84 0054 t 116 0074 U 85 0055 u 117 0075 Ü 220 00dc ü 252 00fc V 86 0056 v 118 0076 Y 89 0059 y 121 0079 Z 90 005a 18 z Examples of sorted words 122 007a @ 1 Aaron andere ändere chaque chemin cote côté coté côte čučēt Czech hiša irdisch lävi lie lire llama lõug lòza Löwen luč luck Lübeck lye Männer màšta mîr möchten myndig piña pint pylon sämtlich šàran savoir ŠerbūraSietla ślub subtle symbol 19 väga verkehrt vox waffle wood yen yuan yucca ţal ţena Ţenēva zoo Zürich Zviedrija zysk zzlj zzlz zznj zznz Geopolitical Concerns Part of the cultural adaptation of the US-product to a specific market is the resolving of geopolitical issues. While the US-product should have been designed and developed with neutrality and a global audience in mind, the localized product should respond to the particular situation that applies within the target country/region. Sensitive issues or issues that might potentially be offensive to the users in the target country/region may occur in any of the following: Maps Flags Country/region, city and language names Art and graphics Cultural content, such as encyclopedia content and other text where historical or political references may occur Some of these issues are relatively easy to verify and resolve: the objective should be for the localizer to always have the most current information available. Maps and other graphic representations of countries/regions and regions should be checked for accuracy and existing political restrictions. Country/region, city and language names change on a regular basis and need to be checked, even if previously approved. A thorough understanding of the culture of the target market is required for checking the appropriateness of cultural content, clip art and other visual representations of religious symbols, body and hand gestures. 20 Grammar, Syntax & Orthographic Conventions This section includes information on how to apply the general rules of the Turkish language to Microsoft products and documentation. Adjectives Consecutive adjectives should not be preferred in Turkish even though they are used in original text, especially in marketing context. In an adjective group, repetitions should be avoided. Possessive adjectives The frequent use of possessives is a feature of English language. However in Turkish, possessive adjectives are not used as commonly as in English. Depending on the context, and for the sake of fluency, they can be omitted in translation. According to Turkish grammar rules, possessives are added to the words in form of suffixes, and there may be places for which these suffixes should be omitted for sake of fluency. Example: US Expression Turkish Expression Comment Set Up Your Device (+) Aygıtı Ayarla In a menu command, “your” should be avoided in translation. However, in a title it can be used. (+) Aygıtınızı Ayarlama (-) Aygıtınızı Ayarla Articles General considerations They are not a part of Turkish language. However, articles should be rendered carefully into Turkish, considering the context. Translating definite and indefinite articles always in the same way should be avoided. Similarly, using "bir" for indefinite articles is not always the right practice. Definite articles should inflect the related words with proper suffixes. US Expression Turkish Expression Comment Choose a color to apply to the selected item. (+) Seçili öğeye uygulanacak rengi seçin. Depending on the context, use of “bir” may not be necessary. (+) Seçili öğeye uygulamak üzere bir renk seçin. (-) Seçili öğeye uygulanacak renk seçin. 21 US Expression Turkish Expression Comment Choose the font color. (+) Yazı tipi rengini seçin. Definite article should be translated in definite noun form. (-) Bir yazı tipi rengi seçin. Confirm that users have content installed on their computers for syncing to the device. (+) Aygıtla eĢitlemek üzere kullanıcıların bilgisayarlarında yüklü içerik bulunduğundan emin olun. (-) Aygıtla eĢitlenecek içeriğin kullanıcıların bilgisayarlarında yüklü olduğundan emin olun. Indefinite noun usage in translation does not necessarily require an indefinite article in source. Please check the translation of “content” in this example. Second sentence is translated as if a definite article (for “content”) used in source, completely changing the meaning. Capitalization Although the general practice is to follow the US style in translated text, it should always be remembered that there might be some unnecessary usages of capitalization in source text, and these should be avoided in translation. Capitalization can be used for highlighting purposes in help and marketing materials while in software translations, capitalization of source text is followed as a general practice. In the screenshot below, similar UI elements are translated with consistent capitalization. 22 Capitalization of similar items should also be regarded as a stylistic consistency issue. - Conjunctives (ve, veya, ile) are not capitalized in titles. For bulleted lists: o If a bullet item is a full sentence, then it should start with capital letter and end with a period. o Bulleted items (phrases) should also start with capital letters. US Expression Turkish Expression Comment Find File (+) Dosya Bul This software string follows the original’s style. Categorizing by Name (+) Ada Göre Sınıflandırma All words except conjunctives should be capitalized in this title. (-) Ada göre Sınıflandırma Bullets and Numbering in Word documents Finding a search phrase (+) Word belgelerinde Madde ĠĢaretleri ve Numaralandırma (+) Aranan ifadeyi bulma (-) Aranan Ġfadeyi Bulma Titles at the same level should be capitalized consistently. Compounds TDK (Turkish Language Association) is making some changes in writing styles of compounds, some of them unsuccessfully. Please check the latest usage in other linguistic references as well, and keep consistency between legacy and new translations within documents. Gender This section does not apply to Turkish. Genitive Genitive(s) to product names should be translated as separate words, especially for the unlocalized names which are difficult to read in Turkish. Example: Rather than using “AppFabric’in”, “AppFabric uygulamasının” can be preferred. Modifiers This section does not apply to Turkish. 23 Nouns Inflection Nouns should be inflected with proper suffixes according to vowel harmony rule. Since Turkish is an agglutinative language, a noun may have inflected with several suffixes, and its stem may also change during the process. Example: “köpek” may change to “köpe-ği-niz-in” for “of your dog”. Plural Formation Simply, plural suffixes (-ler or -lar according to vowel harmony rule) are added to nouns to make them plural. Unnecessary use of plural form should be avoided in translations. Example: US Expression Turkish Expression To add parameters to this command: (+) Bu komuta parametre eklemek için: (-) Bu komuta parametreler eklemek için: Comment Plural form is unnecessary in this translation, and it affects the fluency negatively. Singular usage in English text does not necessarily require the same usage in translation. US Expression Turkish Expression User can delete this sentence. (+) Kullanıcı bu cümleyi silebilir. Comment (+) Kullanıcılar bu cümleyi silebilir. (-) Bir kullanıcı bu cümleyi silebilir. Prepositions Pay attention to the correct use of the preposition in translations. Influenced by the English language, many translators follow the source too closely and overuse the same preposition in the same sentence. This should be avoided in sake of fluency. US Expression Turkish Expression Comment To make this process more convenient for you, there are a couple of quick ways to switch back to the events list right from Outlook. (+) Bu iĢlemi sizin için daha kolay hale getirmek üzere doğrudan Outlook'tan olay listesine dönmenizi sağlayan birkaç hızlı yol vardır. Overuse of “için” causes fluency issues. Different prepositions should be used for “for” and “to” in this sentence. 24 US Expression Turkish Expression Comment (-) Bu iĢlemi sizin için daha kolay hale getirmek için doğrudan Outlook'tan olay listesine dönmeniz için birkaç hızlı yol vardır. Pronouns Omitting pronouns is a common mistake in Turkish translations. In some cases, pronouns can be rendered as null subjects, but this should only be done when the subject of the sentence is clear. US Expression Turkish Expression To make the sentence more understandable, you should make it simplified. (+) Cümlenin daha anlaĢılır olması için bunu sadeleĢtirmelisiniz. It seems that “Delete” option is not enabled in the Advanced Settings pane before this operation. It cannot be used in the specified context. (+) Bu iĢlemden önce “Sil” seçeneği GeliĢmiĢ Ayarlar bölmesinde etkinleĢtirilmemiĢ gibi görünüyor. Bu seçenek, belirtilen bağlamda kullanılamaz. (-) Cümlenin daha anlaĢılır olması için sadeleĢtirmelisiniz. (-) Bu iĢlemden önce “Sil” seçeneği GeliĢmiĢ Ayarlar bölmesinde etkinleĢtirilmemiĢ gibi görünüyor. Belirtilen bağlamda kullanılamaz. Comment Missing pronoun here causes a grammar error. When the subject of the sentence is not clear since the preceding sentence is complicated, pronoun should not be interpreted as a null subject in translation. Punctuation All punctuations marks should be written with no spaces before them, and there should be only one space after applicable marks, such as commas, periods, colons, etc. Comma Comma usage is basically optional in most cases. However, it should be paid attention to not to omit a comma where it was needed for accuracy, and when subject and verb of the sentence are not closely placed in translation. 25 Example: Kullanıcı, yöneticinin yükleme iĢlemlerini sonlandırmak üzere denetimi almasına olanak vermek için bilgisayarını yeniden baĢlatmadan önce açık olan tüm dosyaları kapatmalı ve gereken yedekleri almalıdır. Also, overuse of comma should be avoided since it affects the fluency negatively. Example: US Expression Turkish Expression To delete this entry, press Delete. (+) Bu giriĢi silmek için Delete tuĢuna basın. (-) Bu giriĢi silmek için, Delete tuĢuna basın. Comment Comma usage is not necessary in short sentences like this one. Colon and semicolon If text after the colon is a full sentence, then it should start with a capital letter. When it is a fragment, lower case should be used. Example: Bu uygulama Ģu özelliklere sahip değildir: kesme-yapıĢtırma, sürükleyip bırakma. Text after the semicolon should not start with capital letter. Example: ġarkı listelerini birer sepet olarak düĢünün; kullanıcılar sepette bulunmasını istedikleri Ģarkıları eklerler. Dashes and Hyphens Three different dash characters are used in English while in Turkish hyphen and en dash are basically the same thing: Hyphen In English, the hyphen is used to divide words between syllables, to link parts of a compound word, and to connect the parts of an inverted or imperative verb form. However, its usage in Turkish is quite different and respectively very limited. Most of the compounds are written as two separate words in Turkish, or as a single word without any hyphens. US Expression Turkish Expression Comment first-time setup (+) ilk kurulum Literal translations should be omitted for compound words. (-) ilk-kez kurulum user-specified parameter (+) kullanıcı tarafından belirtilen parametre (-) kullanıcının-belirttiği parametre Literal translations should be omitted for compound words. 26 En Dash In English text, the en dash is used as a minus sign, usually with spaces before and after. In Turkish, there should be no spaces after the minus sign. Example: -5 The en dash is also used in number ranges, such as those specifying page numbers. No spaces are used around the en dash in this case. This usage is same in Turkish. Example: Sayfa 3-5 Em Dash In English, the em dash should only be used to emphasize an isolated element or introduce an element that is not essential to the meaning conveyed by the sentence. This usage is not applicable to Turkish, and em dashes should be converted to appropriate alternatives, such as colons, semicolons or parentheses. US Expression Turkish Expression Time is precious. More than ever, you need a system that is simple, easy, natural, and enjoyable – so you can get things done and focus on what matters most in your life. (+) Zaman değerlidir. ĠĢlerinizi yapıp yaĢamınızdaki en önemli konulara yoğunlaĢabilmek için basit, kolay, doğal ve zevkli bir sisteme her zamankinden daha çok ihtiyacınız var. (-) Zaman değerlidir. Basit, kolay, doğal ve zevkli bir sisteme her zamankinden daha çok ihtiyacınız var – böylece iĢlerinizi yapıp yaĢamınızdaki en önemli konulara yoğunlaĢabilirsiniz. Comment Em dash should be replaced with a proper alternative in translation, or word order should be changed to reflect the correct sense. Ellipses (Suspension Points) Keep in mind the following when using ellipses/suspension points: There should be no spaces before ellipses, and there should always be three points (not two points) in translation. In software translations, ellipses are used at the end of a sentence that mentions an on-going operation, formed in present continuous tense as follows: 27 Period There should be only one space after the period at the end of a full sentence. English text sometimes uses double spaces, but this should not be followed in translation. Quotation Marks In US source strings, you may find software references surrounded by English quotation marks. These can be kept as is for technical reasons. If these are replaced with directional quotation marks, consistency should be kept. Parentheses In English, there are no spaces between the parentheses and the text inside them. This also applies to Turkish. However, there are some differences between English and Turkish with the usage of parentheses with full sentences or fragments. If a sentence is within parentheses, then its full-stop should also be in the parentheses. Example: (+) ÇalıĢtırdığınız tüm programları kapatın. (Bu iĢlemi atlamayın.) If a fragment is written within parentheses, it should be placed just after the part of the sentence that it complements. It should not be left alone at the end of sentence, or sentence should not start with a fragment in parentheses. Example: (+) ÇalıĢtırdığınız tüm programları (ilgili komutu kullanarak) kapatın. US Expression Turkish Expression Users should have content (music, books, photos, and so on) installed on their computers for syncing to the device. (+) Aygıtla eĢitlemek üzere kullanıcıların bilgisayarlarında yüklü içerik (müzik, kitap, fotoğraf vb.) olmalıdır. (-) Aygıtla eĢitlemek üzere kullanıcıların bilgisayarlarında yüklü içerik olmalıdır (müzik, kitap, fotoğraf vb.). Comment The phrase in parentheses should be placed at a proper point in the sentence. Suffixes should be added to the word before parentheses to keep fluency. 28 US Expression Turkish Expression Install the required Windows version (Vista or later). (+) Gerekli Windows sürümünü (Vista ve sonrası) yükleyin. (-) Gerekli Windows sürümü (Vista ve sonrası)nü yükleyin. Comment Suffixes should not be added after the parentheses. Singular & Plural Singular/plural usage should be consistent for a list of items. US Expression Turkish Expression Users should have content (music, books, photos, and so on) installed on their computers for syncing to the device. (+) Aygıtla eĢitlemek üzere kullanıcıların bilgisayarlarında yüklü içerik (müzik, kitap, fotoğraf vb.) olmalıdır. (-) Aygıtla eĢitlemek üzere kullanıcıların bilgisayarlarında yüklü içerik (müzik, kitap, fotoğraflar vb.) olmalıdır. This lesson teaches you about the sync settings that affect a mobile device and explores the relationship between mobile devices and sync software. (+) Bu derste mobil aygıtları etkileyen eĢitleme ayarları ele alınır ve mobil aygıtlarla eĢitleme yazılımları arasındaki iliĢki açıklanır. (-) Bu derste bir mobil aygıtı etkileyen eĢitleme ayarları ele alınır ve mobil aygıtlarla eĢitleme yazılımı arasındaki iliĢki açıklanır. Comment Singular/plural usage should be consistent for a list of items. “Software” can be either singular or plural; a decision has to be made after reviewing the context. Also, an indefinite object can be translated in indefinite plural form to have the correct sense in Turkish. Split Infinitive This section does not apply to Turkish. Subjunctive This section does not apply to Turkish. Symbols & Non-Breaking Spaces Some of the symbols that are widely used in English text (such as @, #, &) are not used in Turkish translation. 29 US Expression Turkish Expression Comment 25 min.@ 25 Gbps (+) 25 Gb/sn hızda 25 dk. @ sign is only valid in e-mail addresses. (-) 25 dk. @ 25 Gb/sn. # items (+) Öğe sayısı (-) # öğe Bullets & Numbering (+) Madde ĠĢaretleri ve Numaralandırma (-) Madde ĠĢaretleri & Numaralandırma & sign should not be used instead of “ve” in Turkish translations. Letters that are written with a circumflex accent (^) should not be used in electronically-processed documents as a general practice, since this may cause corruption issues. Example: Sorun hala giderilmediyse sistem yöneticinize baĢvurun. Non-breaking spaces should not be overused, and extra ones in source should be deleted in translation. For example, a non-breaking space is necessary between a product name and its version, but it is not necessary between two words in a regular text. Syntax Syntax and register differ between Turkish and English (mainly because Turkish is an agglutinative language) in the following ways: 1. Word order 2. Inflection of words with suffixes Verbs This section does not apply to Turkish. Word Order Turkish word order is quite different than English word order. In Turkish, a sentence should form as follows: Subject + Object + Verb Also, since new words are formed by adding suffixes to end of the words in Turkish, total number of words in a translated sentence tend to be lower than corresponding English sentence, while characters in each word tend to be higher. That is to say, Turkish words and sentences are generally much longer than English words and sentences, and one-to-one word matching between an English sentence and its translation is not possible. 30 Style and Tone Considerations This section focuses on higher-level considerations for audience, style, tone, and voice. Audience Most of the Turkish users are not English speakers. So, except for specific materials such as advanced programming software and/or executive reports, the style should be simple, neat and easy to understand. Advanced programmers and executives can prefer English terms specific to their sectors and fields of work. Style The style of translations should be contemporary; the translation should be clear of old style and wording. Also, too formal and too informal words should be avoided. US Expression Please make a selection. Please make a selection by using the mouse. Turkish Expression (+) Lütfen seçim yapın. (-) Lütfen seçim yapınız. (+) Lütfen fareyi kullanarak bir seçim yapın. (-) Lütfen fare vasıtasıyla bir seçim yapın. Tone As a general rule, formal tone is used in all translations. Informal tone can only be used when target audience is young people and when product’s main purpose is entertaining them (like gaming products for a teenagers). Also, excessive/unnecessary use of “please” should be avoided in Turkish translations. Informal phrases such as “sorry, we’re sorry, unfortunately, etc.” can also be avoided if the context does not require a personal tone. Voice “You” should be translated in second person plural. Since Turkish does not use gender classes, all words can be considered as neutral. US Expression Turkish Expression You are now connected to the Internet. (+) ġu anda Internet’e bağlısınız. In Turkish, passive voice is used more frequently than active voice, especially when subjects are not animate (person). 31 US Expression This graphic shows the sales figures for 1999. Turkish Expression (+) Grafikte 1999 satıĢ rakamları gösterilmektedir. (-) Grafik 1999 satıĢ rakamlarını göstermektedir. 32 Localization Guidelines This section contains guidelines for localization into Turkish. General Considerations Abbreviations Common Abbreviations Although using abbreviations is not a common practice in Turkish, you might need to abbreviate some words in the UI (mainly buttons or options names) due to lack of space. Note that this should always be the last option when there is no other way to present a shorter translation. There is no standard way of doing this; however there are two possible ways: 1- Taking vowels out (Starting with “e” which is a commonly used vowel, and easiest to compensate might be a good practice.) 2- Truncating the end of a word and using a period to indicate that the word is shortened. List of some possible abbreviations: Expression Acceptable Abbreviation kullanıcı kull. program prg yazıcı yzc yazdırma yazd. mesaj msj gönder gndr/gönd. Product names are never abbreviated. Since Turkish phrases are generally longer than English phrases, there may be times when a shorter expression is needed (in web graphics, headlines, etc.). In this case, when possible, the phrase should be re-written in a different (and shorter) form, rather than using abbreviations. In most severe cases, hyphenation can be used to avoid using abbreviations in a highly visible text. Accessibility This section does not apply to Turkish. 33 Acronyms Acronyms are words made up of the initial letters of major parts of a compound term. Some well-known examples are WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get), OLE (Object Linking and Embedding), or RAM (Random Access Memory). Localized Acronyms Most of the acronyms are left unlocalized in Turkish. There are only a few examples to localized acronyms: Example: ÜYZ (OVR-overwrite), ABD (USA). Unlocalized Acronyms Most of the acronyms are not localized into Turkish, and they need to have suffixes according to Turkish grammar rules. Here are the ways of handling unlocalized acronyms: 1- If the acronym can be read as a word (i.e. it includes vowels enough to read it as a word rather than just letters), then it is suffixed according to the way of reading it. 2- If the acronym does not include any vowels, or it cannot be read as a word, then it is spelled letter by letter, and suffix is attached according to the last letter. 3- Some product names (e.g. MSN), or commonly known acronyms (IP) can be read in English, and suffixed accordingly. Example: OLE’ye, CAL’ın, SMTP’ye, API’sinin, MSN’e, CNN’e. Applications, Products, and Features Application/product names are often trademarked or may be trademarked in the future and are therefore rarely translated. Occasionally, feature names are trademarked, too (e.g. IntelliSense™). Before translating any application, product, or feature name, please verify that it is in fact translatable and not protected in any way. Frequent Errors The main challenge in software translations into Turkish is handling of placeholders. Improper handling may cause word order and grammar issues. Example: US Expression Turkish Expression Could not locate %s on server %s (+) %s, %s sunucusunda bulunamıyor. (-) %s sunucusunda %s bulunamıyor. Comment Placeholders are not numbered, so they need to keep their original positions in translation. 34 US Expression Unable to delete %s Turkish Expression Content of the placeholder is unknown, therefore no suffixes are allowed. (+) %s silinemiyor (-) %s'yi silemiyor %d items are deleted Comment (+) %d öğe silindi. (-) %d öğeleri silindi. Placeholder contains a number, so the following word should not be in plural form. Glossaries Recommended term glossaries are listed under the Informative and Normative References headings. Fictitious Information Fictitious content is legally sensitive material and as such cannot be handled as a pure terminology or localization issue. Recurring Patterns US Expression Turkish Expression In the File menu, click Save As. (+) Dosya menüsünde Farklı Kaydet’i tıklatın. Click Start, point to Programs, then point to Accessories (+) BaĢlat'ı tıklatın, Programlar'ın ve Donatılar'ın and then click Notepad. üzerine gidip Not Defteri'ni tıklatın. From the Options menu, choose Print. (+) Seçenekler menüsünde Yazdır’ı seçin. For more information, see "Indents and Paragraph Borders," earlier in this chapter. (+) Daha fazla bilgi için, bu bölümün baĢlangıcındaki "Girintiler ve Paragraf Sınırları" kısmına bakın. 35 Standardized Translations There are a number of standardized translations mentioned in all sections of this Style Guide. In order to find them more easily, the most relevant topics and sections are compiled here for you reference. Grammar, Syntax & Orthographic Conventions – Adjectives, Articles, Capitalization, Nouns, Preposition, Pronouns, Punctuation, Singular & Plural, Symbols& Non-Breaking Spaces Style and Tone Considerations – Style, Tone, Frequent Errors, Recurring Patterns Unlocalized Items Trademarked names and the name Microsoft Corporation shouldn’t be localized. A list of Microsoft trademarks is available for your reference at the following location: http://www.microsoft.com/trademarks/t-mark/names.htm. Apart from product names and most of the acronyms, some feature names and sector-specific terms can also be preferred in English. However, in Turkish, commonly used terms are used in localized forms. US Expression Comment Document and Settings This folder name is unlocalized. Program Files This folder name is unlocalized. Windows Update This website name is used in unlocalized form. Internet Lowercase form is also unlocalized. Web Lowercase form is also unlocalized. PC Also can be translated as “bilgisayar.” Hub Proxy Modem Portal Portlet BackUp Operators Group names in Windows are used in unlocalized form. Shift Key names that appear on keyboard buttons are used in unlocalized form. Alt Key names that appear on keyboard buttons are used in unlocalized form. 36 US Expression Comment Ctrl Key names that appear on keyboard buttons are used in unlocalized form. Enter Key names that appear on keyboard buttons are used in unlocalized form. Delete Key names that appear on keyboard buttons are used in unlocalized form. End Key names that appear on keyboard buttons are used in unlocalized form. Home Key names that appear on keyboard buttons are used in unlocalized form. Caps Lock Key names that appear on keyboard buttons are used in unlocalized form. Page Up Key names that appear on keyboard buttons are used in unlocalized form. Page Down Key names that appear on keyboard buttons are used in unlocalized form. Using the Word Microsoft In English, it is prohibited to use MS as an abbreviation for Microsoft. This should also be respected in Turkish translations. The word Microsoft should be kept in translation if the source includes it. 37 Software Considerations This section refers to all menus, menu items, commands, buttons, check boxes, etc., which should be consistently translated in the localized product. Refer to http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/aa511258.aspx for a detailed explanation of the Windows user interface guidelines (English). User Interface There is an example of a localized UI in Turkish below. Since the Office Ribbon is a common UI element in Office applications, overall consistency is a primary concern. Same elements should be translated in the same way across all products. UI (user interface) elements may have different functions based on their usage in an application. Menu options, commands, button text, and check boxes are translated in imperative mood with second person singular, while tooltips, explanatory labels, and information entry requests should be translated in imperative mood with second person plural. Below is a screenshot showing an informational text: And here are some examples for these two different styles: US Expression Turkish Expression Comment Confirm your password: (+) Parolanızı onaylayın: This is a text box label addressing the user. (-) Parolayı onayla: Choose the formatting style (+) Biçimlendirme stilini seçin (-) Biçimlendirme stilini seç This is an explanatory text asking the user to make a choice. 38 In this screenshot, menu items are translated in imperative mood with second person singular: Here are the examples of imperative form with second person singular in UI elements: US Expression Turkish Expression Open file (+) Dosya aç (-) Dosyayı açın Select View (+) Görünüm seç (-) Görünüm seçin Delete all upon exit Comment This is a button text This is a menu item (+) Çıkarken tümünü sil (+) Çıkarken tümü silinsin This is a checkbox (-) Çıkarken tümünü silin Tooltips can be problematic since sometimes a menu item can also be used as a tooltip. If this is the case, imperative form in second person singular can be used. However, if a UI item is designated as tooltip, or a visual check confirms this, then either present tense or imperative mood in second person plural should be used. For tooltips that explain a function (what a UI item does), present tense with third person singular should be used. However, for the tooltips that explain user what to do with a UI item, imperative mood with second person plural should be preferred. Example: US Expression Turkish Expression Comment Delete all records (+) Tüm kayıtları siler This is a tooltip explains a function. (+) ArkadaĢlarınızla paylaĢın This is also a tooltip, but this one addresses the user. Share with friends 39 In the screenshot below, you see an example of tooltip explaining how to use “Resim” button: Window titles, task names and steps of wizards are translated in verbal noun form. It is also possible to use imperative mood with second person plural in case user is addressed. US Expression Turkish Expression Step 2: Change your password (+) 2. adım: Parolanızı değiĢtirin (+) 2. adım: Parolanızı değiĢtirme Create a workspace (+) ÇalıĢma alanı oluĢturma Comment This is a step in a wizard. This is a task name. Messages There are several types of messages. Since they all address the user, and generally require an action, it is important to keep them easy to understand. Complicated messages can be divided into parts to improve the fluency in Turkish. Status Messages What is a Status Bar Message? A status bar message is an informational message about the active document or a selected command as well as about any active or selected interface item. Messages are shown in the status bar at the bottom of the window when the user has chosen a menu, a command or any other item, or has started a function. The status bar messages refer to actions being performed or already complete (for example in Outlook below). 40 Turkish Style in Status bar Messages In English, the status bar messages have different forms dependent on the information they must convey. In Turkish, menu and commands status bar messages should follow the format below. Name Edit Copy to Folder... New Turkish Name (+) Düzen (+) Klasöre Kopyala... (+) Yeni Category English Status Bar message Turkish Status Bar message menu Contains editing commands (+) Düzenleme komutlarını içerir menu Copies the selected items to a new location (+) Seçilen öğeleri yeni bir konuma kopyalar command Creates a new document (+) Yeni bir belge oluĢturur Make object visible? (+) Nesne görünür durumda mı? Word is converting the document. Press Esc to stop. (+) Word belgeyi dönüĢtürüyor. Durdurmak için Esc tuĢuna basın. Datasheet View (+) Veri Sayfası Görünümü Done (+) Bitti The importance of standardization In the US product you can often find messages that are phrased differently even though they have the same meaning. Try to avoid this in the localized Turkish version. Use one standard translation as in the examples below: English term Correct Turkish translation Press F1 to get Help (+) Yardım almak için F1 tuĢuna basın. If you want Help press F1 41 To get Help press F1 Not enough memory (+) Yeterli bellek yok. Insufficient memory There is not enough memory Save changes to %1? (+) DeğiĢiklikler %1 dosyasına kaydedilsin mi? Do you want to save changes to %1? Error Messages What Is An Error Message? Here is an example: Error messages are messages sent by the system or a program, informing the user that there is an error that must be corrected in order for the program to keep running. For example, the messages can prompt the user to take an action or inform the user of an error that requires rebooting the computer. 42 Turkish Style in Error Messages It is important to use consistent terminology and language style in the localized error messages, and not just translate as they appear in the US product. Also, following the logical order of events rather than the original’s word order is important. Following the original style too closely may cause fluency issues. US Message Text Turkish Message Text The server cannot send email notifications because the e-mail server cannot be contacted. To enter your address, you should select your country. (+) E-posta sunucusuyla iletiĢim kurulamadığından, sunucu e-posta bildirimi gönderemiyor. (-) Sunucu e-posta bildirimi gönderemiyor, çünkü eposta sunucusuyla iletiĢim kurulamıyor. (+) Adresinizi girebilmek için önce ülkenizi seçmelisiniz. (-) Adresinizi girmek için ülkenizi seçmelisiniz. Standard Phrases in Error Messages When translating standard phrases, standardize. Note that sometimes the US uses different forms to express the same thing. Examples: English Cannot … Could not … Failed to … Failure of … Translation ... yapılamıyor ... yapılamadı Example Comment (+) Ġleti gönderilemiyor Translation is provided with “to do” verb. Only the inflection part should be regarded as standard. Passive voice should be employed for this kind of expressions. (+) Ġleti gönderilemedi. Translation is provided with “to do” verb. “To fail” and the main verb of the sentence are combined into one Turkish verb with proper suffixes. Thus, only the inflection part should be regarded as standard. Passive voice should be 43 English Translation Example Comment employed for this kind of expressions. Cannot find … Could not find … Unable to find … ... bulunamıyor (+) Ġleti bulunamıyor Unable to locate … Only the inflection part should be regarded as standard. Passive voice should be employed for this example and similar expressions. Not enough memory Insufficient memory There is not enough memory Bellek yetersiz There is not enough memory available ... is not available ... yok ... is unavailable ... kullanılamıyor (+) EriĢim izni yok. (+) Ağ paylaĢımı kullanılamıyor. There are two possible translations for these phrases since the verb can change depending on the subject. Error Messages Containing Placeholders When localizing error messages containing placeholders, try to find out what will replace the placeholder. This is necessary for the sentence to be grammatically correct when the placeholder is replaced with a word or phrase. Note that the letters used in placeholders convey a specific meaning, see examples below: %d, %ld, %u, and %lu means <number> %c means <letter> %s means <string> Examples of error messages containing placeholders: "Checking Web %1!d! of %2!d!" means "Checking Web <number> of <number>". "INI file "%1!-.200s!" section" means "INI file "<string>" section". Check the information provided under Frequent Errors to see some common errors related to placeholders. 44 Keys The keyboard is the primary input device used for text input in Microsoft Windows. For accessibility and efficiency, most actions can be performed using the keyboard as well. While working with Microsoft software, you use keys, key combinations and key sequences. In English, References to key names, like arrow keys, function keys and numeric keys, appear in normal text (not in small caps).This also applies to localized forms of these names. Access Keys/Hot keys Sometimes, there are underlined or highlighted letters in menu options, commands or dialog boxes. These letters refer to access keys (also known as hot keys) that allow you to run commands, perform tasks, etc. more quickly. Hot Key Special Options Usage: Is It Allowed? Notes "Slim characters", such as I, l, t, r, f can be used as hot key yes Characters with downstrokes, such as g, j, y, p and q can be used as hotkeys yes They are not preferred over “upstroke” characters. Extended characters can be used as hotkeys yes They are not preferred over Latin characters. An additional letter, appearing between brackets after item name, can be used as hotkeys yes They are not preferred over other characters. 45 Hot Key Special Options Usage: Is It Allowed? Notes A number, appearing between brackets after item name, can be used as hotkey yes They are not preferred over other characters. A punctuation sign, appearing between brackets after item name, can be used as hotkey yes They are not preferred over other characters. Duplicate hotkeys are allowed when no other character is available yes No hotkey is assigned when no more yes characters are available (minor options only) Additional notes: n/a Arrow Keys The arrow keys move input focus among the controls within a group. Pressing the right arrow key moves input focus to the next control in tab order, whereas pressing the left arrow moves input focus to the previous control. Home, End, Up, and Down also have their expected behavior within a group. Users can't navigate out of a control group using arrow keys. Numeric Keypad It is recommended that you avoid distinguishing numeric keypad keys from the other keys, unless it is required by a given application. In case which keys to be pressed is not obvious, provide necessary explanations. Shortcut Keys Shortcut keys are keystrokes or combinations of keystrokes used to perform defined functions in a software application. Shortcut keys replace menu commands and they are sometimes given next to the command they represent. In opposition to the access keys, which can be used only when available on the screen, shortcut keys can be used even when they are not accessible on the screen. 46 Standard Shortcut Keys US Command US English Shortcut Key Turkish Command Turkish Shortcut key General Windows Shortcut keys Help window F1 Yardım penceresi F1 Context-sensitive Help Shift+F1 Bağlama uygun Yardım Shift+F1 Display pop-up menu Shift+F10 Açılır menü görüntüle Shift+F10 Cancel Esc Ġptal Esc Activate\Deactivate menu bar mode F10 Menü çubuğu modunu etkinleĢtir/devre dıĢı bırak F10 Switch to the next primary application Alt+Tab Sonraki ana uygulamaya geç Alt+Sekme Display next window Alt+Esc Sonraki pencereyi görüntüle Alt+Esc Display pop-up menu for the window Alt+Spacebar Pencere için açılır menü görüntüle Alt+BoĢluk Display pop-up menu for the active child window Alt+- Etkin alt pencere için açılır menü görüntüle Alt+- Display property sheet for current selection Alt+Enter Geçerli seçim için özellik sayfası görüntüle Alt+Enter Close active application window Alt+F4 Etkin uygulama penceresini kapat Alt+F4 Switch to next window within (modeless-compliant) application Alt+F6 Uygulama içinde sonraki (bağımsız) pencereye geç Alt+F6 Capture active window image to the Clipboard Alt+PrntScrn Etkin pencere görüntüsünü Panoya kopyala Alt+PrntScrn Capture desktop image to the Clipboard PrntScrn Masaüstü görüntüsünü Panoya kopyala PrntScrn Access Start button in taskbar Ctrl+Esc Görev çubuğunda BaĢlat düğmesini etkinleĢtir Ctrl+Esc Display next child window Ctrl+F6 Sonraki alt pencereyi görüntüle Ctrl+F6 Display next tabbed pane Ctrl+Tab Sonraki sekmeli bölmeyi görüntüle Ctrl+Sekme Launch Task Manager and Ctrl+Shift+Esc Görev Yöneticisi’ni ve sistem Ctrl+Shift+Esc 47 US Command US English Shortcut Key Turkish Command Turkish Shortcut key baĢlatma iĢlemini baĢlat system initialization File Menu File New Ctrl+N Dosya - Yeni Ctrl+N File Open Ctrl+O Dosya - Aç Ctrl+O File Close Ctrl+F4 Dosya - Kapat Ctrl+F4 File Save Ctrl+S Dosya - Kaydet Ctrl+S File Save as F12 Dosya - Farklı Kaydet F12 File Print Preview Ctrl+F2 Dosya - Baskı Önizleme Ctrl+F2 File Print Ctrl+P Dosya - Yazdır Ctrl+P File Exit Alt+F4 Dosya - ÇıkıĢ Alt+F4 Edit Menu Edit Undo Ctrl+Z Düzen - Geri Al Ctrl+Z Edit Repeat Ctrl+Y Düzen - Yinele Ctrl+Y Edit Cut Ctrl+X Düzen - Kes Ctrl+X Edit Copy Ctrl+C Düzen - Kopyala Ctrl+C Edit Paste Ctrl+V Düzen - YapıĢtır Ctrl+V Edit Delete Ctrl+Backspace Düzen - Sil Ctrl+Geri al Edit Select All Ctrl+A Düzen - Tümünü Seç Ctrl+A Edit Find Ctrl+F Düzen - Bul Ctrl+F Edit Replace Ctrl+H Düzen - DeğiĢtir Ctrl+H Edit Go To Ctrl+B Düzen - Git Ctrl+B Help Menu Help F1 Yardım F1 Font Format Italic Ctrl+I Ġtalik Ctrl+T Bold Ctrl+G Kalın Ctrl+K Underlined\Word underline Ctrl+U Altı çizili Ctrl+A 48 US Command US English Shortcut Key Turkish Command Turkish Shortcut key Large caps Ctrl+Shift+A Tümü büyük harf Ctrl+Shift+F Small caps Ctrl+Shift+K Küçük büyük harf Ctrl+Shift+I Paragraph Format Centered Ctrl+E OrtalanmıĢ Ctrl+R Left aligned Ctrl+L Sola hizalanmıĢ Ctrl+L Right aligned Ctrl+R Sağa hizalanmıĢ Ctrl+R Justified Ctrl+J YaslanmıĢ Ctrl+D 49 Document Translation Considerations Document localization may require some specific considerations that are different from software localization. This section covers a few of these areas. Titles In English the titles for chapters usually begin with "How to …" or with phrases such as "Working with …" or "Using …".In the Turkish version of Microsoft documentation, these should be translated in verbal noun form. Example: US Expression Turkish Expression How To Set Up Your Device (+) Aygıtınızı Ayarlama (-) Aygıtınızı Ayarlamak (-) Aygıtı Ayarla Comment Preferred style in titles is not the “mek/-mak” form. Cross References Cross references provide the user links/addresses to additional information about a subject matter. General style used for providing these references in documentation is as follows: Example: US Expression Turkish Expression See Chapter 28, “Using Bullets”. (+) Bkz. Bölüm 28, “Madde ĠĢaretlerini Kullanma”. (-) Bkz. “Madde ĠĢaretlerini Kullanma” adlı Bölüm 28. For details about how frames are displayed in other views, see “Displaying Frames in Different Views,” later in this chapter. (+) Farklı görünümlerde çerçevelerin nasıl görüntülendikleri hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi için, bu bölümün sonundaki "Çerçeveleri Farklı Görünümlerde Görüntüleme" kısmına bakın. (-) Farklı görünümlerde çerçevelerin nasıl görüntülendikleri hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi için, bkz. bu bölümün sonundaki "Çerçeveleri Farklı Görünümlerde Görüntüleme". Comment Abbreviated form, “bkz.” is applicable for this sentence. Short form is not suitable here; this sentence should be written without using the abbreviation for “see”. 50 Copyright Copyright protection is granted to any original work of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression from which it can be perceived, reproduced, or communicated. 51