volubilis (LF) Benth. Ex. Hook. F and Mimosa rubicaulis
Transkript
volubilis (LF) Benth. Ex. Hook. F and Mimosa rubicaulis
2.0 REVIEW OF RESEARCH LITERATURE Exhaustive and up-to-date review of literature on antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial activities and their methods of screening, phytochemical and pharmacological review of the selected plants were conducted. 2.1 General introduction of the plants Euphorbia thymifolia Linn, Dregea volubilis (L.F.) Benth. Ex. Hook. F and Mimosa rubicaulis Lam (www.IPNI.org) 2.1.1 Euphorbia thymifolia Fig. 2.1 Euphorbia thymifolia Linn 2.1.1.1 Synonyms Euphorbia burmanniana Anisophyllum burmannianum Anisophyllum thymifolium Chamaesyce thymifolia 2.1.1.1 Systematic position Kingdom : Division : Magnoliophyta Class : Order : Malpighiales Family : Euphorbiaceae Genus : Euphorbia Species : 19 Plantae Angiospermae thymifolia 2.1.1.2 List of Euphorbia species Euphorbia albomarginata Euphorbia lathyris Euphorbia amygdaloides Euphorbia leuconeura Euphorbia antisyphilitica Euphorbia maculata Euphorbia balsamifera Euphorbia marginata Euphorbia bulbispina Euphorbia mamillaris Euphorbia calyptrata Euphorbia maritae Euphorbia canariensis Euphorbia milii Euphorbia caput-medusae Euphorbia myrsinites Euphorbia characias Euphorbia neriifolia Euphorbia cyparissias Euphorbia obesa Euphorbia decidua Euphorbia obtusifolia Euphorbia dendroides Euphorbia paralias Euphorbia echinus Euphorbia pekinensis - Euphorbia elastica Euphorbia peplis Euphorbia epithymoides Euphorbia peplus Euphorbia esula Euphorbia polychroma Euphorbia falcata Euphorbia pulcherrima Euphorbia franckiana Euphorbia purpurea Euphorbia grantii Euphorbia resinifera Euphorbia granulata Euphorbia rigida Euphorbia griffithii Euphorbia serrata Euphorbia guyoniana Euphorbia terracina Euphorbia helioscopia Euphorbia tirucalli 20 Euphorbia heterophylla Euphorbia tithymaloides Euphorbia hirta Euphorbia virosa Euphorbia horrida Euphorbia hypericifolia 2.1.1.3 Vernacular names English : Asthma plant, Chicken weed Hindi : Duddhi, Dudhiya, Choti-dudhi Kannada : Kempu, Nene hakki Malayalam : Nilappakla Sanskrit : Dugdhika Tamil : Sittirappaladi Telagu : Reddivarimanubala 2.1.1.4 Description Monoecious, prostrate, annual herb with branches up to 25 cm long, with numerous adventitious roots; stems with latex. Leaves opposite, distichous, simple; stipules linear, c. 1 mm long, deeply 2–3-toothed; petiole c. 0.5 mm long; blade ovate, up to 8 mm × 4 mm, base unequal, one side cuneate, the other side rounded, apex rounded, margins shallowly toothed, glabrous above, sparsely longhairy beneath. Inflorescence a terminal or axillary cluster of flowers, called a ‘cyathium’, on short leafy shoots; cyathia almost sessile, c. 0.5 mm × 0.5 mm, with a funnel-shaped involucre, lobes triangular, minute, margin hairy, glands 4, minute, almost circular, red, with very small red appendages, each involucre containing 1 female flower surrounded by few male flowers. Flowers unisexual; 21 male flowers sessile, bracteoles hair-like, perianth absent, stamen c. 1 mm long; female flowers almost sessile, perianth a rim, ovary superior, glabrous, 3-celled, styles 3, minute, 2-fid. Fruit an acutely 3-lobed, almost sessile capsule c. 1 mm × 1 mm, base truncate, short-hairy, 3-seeded. Seeds are conical, c. 0.5 mm in diameter, acutely 4-angled, shallowly transversely wrinkled, reddish brown, without caruncle (Ram, 1970). 2.1.1.5 Phytogeography It is found in India (Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttaranchal), Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri lanka, West Africa, the Indian Ocean islands and Southern Africa etc. 2.1.1.6 Ethnobotanical reports The whole plant paste of Euphorbia thymifolia is used in the treatment of diabetes and ethnic practices (Seung et al., 1990). Euphorbia thymifolia is used to treat joint pains as anti-inflammatory agent. Whole plant paste is used to apply on bones dislocation of animals, leaves are used for snake bite and ringworm, seeds used as laxative for children (Phanikumar and Alka, 2010). Powder of Euphorbia nerrifolia flower and whole plant ash of Euphorbia tirucalli are used for the treatment of asthma at dose of 500 mg/ 3 times and 250-500 mg twice a day orally, respectively. The calcinated product of Euphorbia species like Euphorbia herta and Euphorbia thymifolia are used in the asthmatic condition (Savithramma et al., 2007). 22 2.1.2 Dregea volubilis (L.F.) Benth. Ex. Hook. F. Fig.: 2.2 Dregea volubilis (L.F.) Benth. Ex. hook. F. 2.1.2.1 Systematic position Kingdom : Plantae Division : Magnoliophyta Class : Magnoliopsida Order : Gentianales Family : Asclepiadaceae Genus : Dregea Species : volubilis 2.1.2.2 Synonyms: Asclepias volubilis, Marsdenia volubilis, Schollia volubilis, Wattakaka volubilis 2.1.2.3 Vernacular names English : Common coxcomb, crested coxcomb, Feather coxcomb Telugu : Doodeepalla, dudipala, palakura, palatige Hindi : Murd bel, murd-bel, nakchhikni, nakchikni 23 Sanskrit : Hemajivanti, hemakshiri, hemalata, hemapurna, hemavalli, hemavati Malayalam : Vattakkakkakkoti, wattakakacodi. 2.1.2.4 Description Dregea volubilis is a stout, smooth, hoary or mealy, woody vine. Leaves are ovate or somewhat rounded, 7.5 to 15 cm long, 5 to 10 cm wide, rather leathery, rounded or pointed at the base, and pointed at the tip. Cymes are axillary or interpetiolar, and umbel-like. Flowers are green, about 1 cm across. Follicles are usually double, broadly lanceolate, 7.5 to 10 cm long, turgid, longitudinally ribbed, and velvety until mature. Seeds are elliptic, concave, smooth, shining, sharp-edged, and crowned with very fine, white, silky hairs (Kirtikar, 1991). 2.1.2.5 Phytogeography It is widely distributed in India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh), Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. 2.1.2.6 Ethnobotanical reports In India the tribal people of Rapur forest division of Nellore district, A.P, are applying Dregea volubilis leaves paste on affected area about 20 g and oral administration of the same to control leucoderma (Neelima et al., 2011) The leaves and unripe fruits of Dreagea volubilis are given in the case of erysipelas, coughs and asthma (Vinodh et al., 2011). In India, the tribal people of Paderu division, Visakhapatnam, A.P, are using leaves and entire plant of Dregea volubilis for treatment of cold and eye diseases, respectively (Padal et al., 2010). 24 2.1.3 Mimosa rubicaulis Lam. Fig. 2.3 Mimosa rubicaulis Lam. 2.1.3.1 Systematic position Kingdom : Plantae Division : Angiosperms Class : Eudicots Order : Fabales Family : Fabaceae Genus : Mimosa Species : rubicaulis 25 2.1.3.2 List of Mimosa species Mimosa aculeaticarpa Mimosa malacophylla Mimosa aculeaticarpa var. Mimosa microphylla biuncifera Mimosa nuttallii Mimosa arenosa Mimosa pellita Mimosa asperata L. Mimosa pigra L. Mimosa borealis Mimosa pigra var. pigra Mimosa casta L. Mimosa pudica L. Mimosa ceratonia L. Mimosa quadrivalvis L. Mimosa diplotricha Mimosa roemeriana Mimosa dysocarpa Mimosa rupertiana Mimosa dysocarpa var. dysocarpa Mimosa emoryana Mimosa grahamii Mimosa grahamii var. grahamii Mimosa hostilis Mimosa hystricina Mimosa latidens Mimosa laxiflora Mimosa scabrella . Mimosa schomburgkii Mimosa somnians Mimosa strigillosa Mimosa tenuiflora Mimosa texana Mimosa turneri Mimosa verrucosa 2.1.3.3 Vernacular names Hindi : Kacheyta, kinglu, shiah-kanta Tamil : Bida Telugu : Kodimudusu chettu , chandra, sarjjasasamu 2.1.3.4 Description It is a large straggling shrub which is very prickly. It sports long clusters of many pink spherical flower-heads which are 1-1.5 cm across. The flowers fade to white - so, at any time the clusters sport both pink and white flower-heads. 26 Leaves are double-compound, 8–15 cm long, with thorny rachis. Leaves have 312 pairs of side-stalks, each with 6-15 pairs of tiny oblong leaflets 4–8 mm. Pods are thin, flat, curved, 8–13 cm long, 1 cm wide, breaking into 4-10 rectangular 1seeded units, leaving the remains of the pod attached to the shoot. It is considered useful for hedges. The wood is suitable for tent pegs and for making gunpowder charcoal. Roots and leaves are used medicinally. Himalayan Mimosa is found in the Himalayas, from Afghanistan to Bhutan, at altitudes of 300–1900 m. flowering: June–September (Chopra et al, 1965). 2.1.3.5 Phytogeography It is found in India (Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Jammu & Kashmir), Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri lanka etc. 2.1.3.6 Ethnobotanical report In Nepal, the Chepang community is using Mimosa rubicaulis roots for sprains, abdominal spasms and wounds (Arun, 2011). In Pakistan, the Mimosa rubicaulis shub is used for treatment of piles, burns and vomiting (Asma et al., 2009). 2.2 Past work on the plants Euphorbia thymifolia Linn., Dregea volubilis (L.F.) Benth. Ex. Hook. F and Mimosa rubicaulis Lam. 2.2.1 Phytochemical work A structure representation and careful review of available literature throws light on the efforts made by eminent researchers on these three plant species. (Euphorbia thymifolia Linn., Dregea volubilis (L.F.) Benth. Ex. Hook. F and Mimosa rubicaulis Lam) 27 2.2.1.1 Euphorbia thymifolia Linn Qualitative estimation of phytoconstituents of ethanolic extract of Euphorbia thymifolia was revealed the presence of bioactive compounds like alkaloids, phenols and tannins etc (Nagaraju et al, 2012). Preliminary phytochemical evaluation of Hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of E. thymifolia reveals the presence of phytoconstituents cymol, (-) isopinocamphenol, limonene, phytol, piperitone, (E,E) 2, 4 decadienal, pentadecanoic acid and etc (Kundan and Ganga, 2011). It was reported that the total flavonoid content in the petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of E. thymifolia quantified using Quercetin equivalent (Sobin et al., 2012). 2.2.1.1.1 Major compounds isolated from E. thymifolia Limonene Piperitone Ee-2,4 Decadienal 2.2.1.2 Dregea volubilis (L.F.) Benth. Ex. Hook. F Three novel polyoxypregnane glycosides, volubiloside A, B & C were isolated from the flowers of Dregea volubilis (Niranjan et al., 2002). 28 Three new polyhydroxy pregnanes named dregealol, volubilogenone & volubilal were isolated from the flowers of Dregea volubilis (Nilendu et al., 2003). The preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed that the Anthocyanins, anthracene glycosides, catecholic compounds, coumarins, flavonoids, Iridoids, saponins, steroids and volatile oils are noticed in Dregea volubilis (Venkata Krishnaiah et al., 2008) A pentacyclic triterpenpoid, Taraxerol, was isolated from the petroleum ether extract of fruits of Dregea volubilis (Biswas et al., 2009). 2.2.1.2.1. Major compounds isolated from Dregea volubilis 29 Taraxerol 2.2.1.3. Mimosa rubicaulis Lam Flavonoid compounds Quercetin and luteolin are reported in M. rubicaulis stem (Amir et al., 2012). The preliminary phytochemical analysis reveals that the methanolic extract of M. rubicaulis contains tannins (Amir et al., 2011). A 4-ethyl ether was reported in Mimosa rubicaulis (Shahriar and Robin, 2010). 2.2.1.3.1. Major compounds isolated from Mimosa rubicaulis Quercetin Luteolin 30 2.2.2 Biological Activities A careful review on different activities was carried out for the three species and concluded below. 2.2.2.1. Euphorbia thymifolia The methanolic extract of Euphorbia thymifolia shows significant activity against streptozotacin induced diabetic neuropathy (Pooja et al., 2011). It was reported that the fresh latex of Euphorbia thymifolia has promising antimicrobioal activity (Ganpati et al., 2011). It has been reported that the aerial parts of the Euphorbia thymifolia having good amount of antioxidants, nutrients and minerals (Kundan and Ganga, 2011). Methanolic and aqueous extracts of Euphorbia thymifolia exhibited antileumintic activity in dose dependent manner giving shortest time of paralysis and death with 100 mg/ml concentration (Sandeep et al., 2009). The ethanolic extract of Euphorbia thymifolia protected against CCl4 induced liver damage in rats. Their results validate the use of Euphorbia thymifolia in traditional medicines for the treatment of jaundice and inflammation related disorders (Singh et al., 2009). 2.2.2.2. Dregea volubilis The dried leaf extracts of Dregea volubilis was found to possess antileukemic activity in a concentration-dependent manner (Nandi et al., 2012). All the extracts of Dregea volubilis have shown larvicidal activity (Emdad et al., 2011). Polyoxypregnane glycoside from Dregea volubilis extract inhibits IL-1 βinduced expression of matrix metalloproteinase via activation of NF-KB in human chondrocyte (Akanit et al., 2012). 31 Methanolic extract of Dregea volubilis leaves was proved for anti tumor activity (Emdad et al., 2011). It has been reported that the Dregea volubilis leaves extract has anti oxidant activity (Pornkamon et al., 2011). Extract from the whole plant or stem parts has been used traditionally as an anti-inflammatory medicine to treat several diseases including eye ailments, tracheitis & stomachache (Sahu et al., 2002). The stem extracts of Dregea volubilis has ameliorated concanavalin-A induced liver injury by facilitating apoptosis of activated T-cells (Fangyuan et al., 2008). 2.2.2.3. Mimosa rubicaulis Mimosa rubicaulis stem methanolic extract was possessed significant antimicrobial activity (Amir et al., 2011). 32