Full Text - International journal of Science Culture and Sport
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Full Text - International journal of Science Culture and Sport
International Journal of Science Culture and Sport (IntJSCS) July 2015 ISSN Doi : Special Issue 3 : 2148-1148 : 10.14486/IJSCS324 AN INVESTIGATION OF DECISION-MAKING STRATEGIES OF THE VETERAN SOCCER PLAYERS Mustafa BAŞ*, Elif AYDIN**, Ubeyde KILIÇASLAN* * Karadeniz Technical University, High school of Physical Education and Sport, TURKEY ** Gumushane University High school of Physical Education and Sport, TURKEY Email: mustafaabat@ktu.edu.tr Abstract The aim of this research is to determine the decision-making strategies of veteran footballers, attended veteran football tournament organised in Trabzon in 2014, in line with several variables. The universe of the study involves all the veteran footballers attended the tournament while the population includes 196 footballers, selected through random sampling, and participated the study voluntarily. The data regarding decision-making strategies were collected by means of the questionnaire of “Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire” (developed by Mann and others, 1998), “Decision-Making Scale” consisting 28 items (translated into Turkish by Deniz, 2004) and personal information form designed by the researcher to get demographic information of footballers. Frequency distribution was administered in determining the level of decision-making of veteran footballers, Independent Samples T-Test” was used to compare two variables, and ANOVA tests were utilised in comparing the means of variables more than two. The difference between the views of groups was analysed through considering α=0.05 significance level. In this manner, significant difference was detected between the variables of age and marital status according to the means of self-esteem scale. In addition, there was significant difference between the scores of decision-making style scale in line with the variables of education level and their position at the game. However, there was no significant difference between the scales of self-esteem and decision-making styles according to occupation and monthly income variables. To sum up, in the light of the findings of this research, we recommend playing football to develop decision-making strategies for all age groups. Keywords: Soccer, Decision-Making Strategies, Veteran Players Copyright©IntJSCS (www.iscsjournal.com) - 575 International Journal of Science Culture and Sport (IntJSCS) July 2015 Veteran Futbolcuların Karar Verme Stratejilerinin İncelenmesi Özet Bu çalışmanın amacı; 2014 yılında Trabzon da düzenlenen veteran futbol turnuvasına katılan futbolcularının karar verme stratejilerini bazı değişkenlere göre belirlemektir. Araştırmanın evrenini futbol turnuvasına katılan yirmi takımın tüm sporcuları, örneklemini ise tesadüfi yöntemle belirlenen ve çalışmaya gönüllü olarak katılan toplam 196 futbolcu oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada karar verme stratejilerine ilişkin veriler Mann ve diğ. (1998), tarafından geliştirilen (Melbourne Decision Making Questionary) ve Deniz (2004) tarafından Türkçeye uyarlanan 28 maddelik Karar Verme Ölçeği ve sporcuların demografik özelliklerini belirlemek amacıyla araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” ile toplanmıştır. Veteran futbolcuların karar verme düzeylerinin belirlenmesinde frekans dağılımı, iki bağımsız değişkenin karşılaştırılmasında t testi ve ikiden fazla bağımsız değişkenin karşılaştırılmasında Anova teknikleri uygulanmıştır. Grupların görüşleri arasındaki fark P:0,05 anlam düzeyi dikkate alınarak yorumlanmıştır. Araştırmada Yaş ve medeni durum değişkenlerine göre özsaygı ölçeğinden aldıkları puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Veteran futbolcuların eğitim durumu ve oynadıkları mevki değişkenlerine göre ise karar verme stilleri ölçeğinden aldıkları puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmuştur. Meslek ve aylık gelir değişkenine göre ise öz-saygı ve karar verme stilleri ölçeklerinden aldıkları puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı farklılık bulunmamıştır. Her bireyin bir şekilde fırsat buldukça oynadığı futbol, karar verme stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi açısından tüm yaş gruplarına önerilebilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Futbol, Karar Verme Stratejileri, Veteran Futbolcular Copyright©IntJSCS (www.iscsjournal.com) - 576 Special Issue on the Proceedings of the 4th ISCS Conference – PART A July 2015 Introduction Football is one of the leading sport branch being sought after in our country and many other countries of the world. It is a sport branch attracting and appropriated by great masses of people as it is interesting and giving pleasure to all societies. Football has become the most liked game, with its psychological, societal, physical and pedagogical values, by young people as it is easy to be played and amusing (Koç and his friends, 2000). The football of our age have become a sort of game bearing more plays depending on tactic, and played very fast, developing day by day and becoming more based on condition, and reflecting scientific developments. In this manner, it is required to think quicker, becoming fast and acting very fast to adapt this game (Nas, 2010). In addition, it is known that not only physiological, psychological and technique-tactic trials but also cognitive factors are also crucial in achieving sport success. Decision-making skill bears importance as a dimension in determining sports success (Egesoy et.al, 1999). The game of football requires deciding quickly and taking responsibility of high-powered deeds in realising tactic tasks. Football knowledge and tactic experiments of each footballer is crucial regarding the success of the team. What is more, the footballer should reveal his true and quick reactions under the pressure of the rival, at the positions he met surprisingly and was not familiar from exercises; and he should also repress his rival and surprise him through leaving him with surprising positions (Gülşen, 2008). According to Kuzgun (2005), the first condition of decision-making behaviour is the presence of the difficulty requiring decision-making necessity and it is being felt by the individual. Any player may have some certain decision-making strategy in every game, or he may use several decision-making styles together during a certain game depending upon the conditions, psychology and personality of that soccer player. Moreover, these decision-making styles may have some similarities with the ones used in daily life. To put it different, any player may use decision-making styles, using in daily life, during the game; or he may use decisionmaking styles, developed and used at the game, in his daily life ( Akbulut 2012). On the other hand, each individual does not use same styles in deciding process. Same individual even may use different decision-making styles in different decision-making cases. When analysing these decision making styles, it seems that benefiting from all these styles may be helpful. Nevertheless, it is considered helpful that using rational decision-making styles bring advantage in this process. In addition, the conditions like the multitude of options, similarity of options, period of decision making, the importance of problem, its risk level, perception level complicate the probability of deciding rationally (Kuzgun, 2006). In this regard, modern football entails the ability of deciding urgently for players pressured under the area, time and rival (Konter, 1997). Although there is not any certain kind of decision in sport, some general characteristics may be ranked. These are; (Johnson, 2006), the crucial point is its becoming natural. The potential decision option of player is broad because of players’ multiple responsibilities. For example, if any footballer wants to use his decisions, responsibility and creativity, he does not realise these in line with prescribed recipes, contrary to this he should decide on conditions flourished surprisingly and unexpectedly during the game. (Johnson, 2006). Copyright©IntJSCS (www.iscsjournal.com) - 577 International Journal of Science Culture and Sport (IntJSCS) July 2015 The game of football like daily life entails solving problems through evaluating encountered events and doing required estimations; and by doing so giving right decisions as much as possible by thinking quickly during the game ( Akbulut 2012). Additionally, we mostly encounter the events forcing us to think quickly and decide in the same manner in both normal daily life and sport environments. In this manner, it is believed that the skills of deciding quickly and efficiently of veteran footballers will contribute to reasoning, taking right decisions, searching solutions for the problems. The primary goal of this study is investigating the decision making strategies of veteran footballers. In addition, it has been aimed that whether the decision-making strategies of veteran soccer players differ in line with their ages, education level, income level, performing sport actively, their status of playing football and their positions they play at the game. Materials and Methods The investigation was designed as survey study. Survey models are approaches aiming to investigate any case which is still present or ended before through selecting a population from a large group of universe. The case, individual or object under investigation is aimed to be described as it is within its own conditions. Any influencing or changing attempt is not exerted on events. There is something to be known and it is there. The crucial thing is to detect and observe it (Karasar, 1999). The universe of the study involves 420 veteran footballers attended the tournament organised in Trabzon in 2014 while the population includes 196 footballers, selected through random sampling, and participated the study voluntarily. For gathering data, the questionnaire of “Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire” (developed by Mann and others, 1998), “Decision-Making Scale” consisting 28 items (translated into Turkish by Deniz, 2004) and personal information form involving 5 questions designed by the researcher to get demographic information of footballers.There are four sub-factors of decison-making scale including 22 items which also comprises self-esteem and decision-making scale with 28 items (Deniz, 2004). The Style of Deciding Carefully: This entails that the individual should search for the required information attentively and making his selection after evaluating the alternatives carefully. This factor is denoted with six items (2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16). Avoidant Deciding Style: This refers to avoiding to make decisions, leaving the decisions to others, thus his trial of transferring responsibility to anybody for escaping to decide. This factor involves six items (3, 9, 11, 14, 17, 19). Postponer Deciding Style: This is the case of delaying, postponing and procrastinating th decision without the presence of any acceptable reason. This factor associates with five items (5, 7, 10, 18, 21). Panic Deciding Style: This relates to the effort of reaching immediate solutions through hastily behaviours feeling him under the pressure of time when encountering any decision event. This factor has five items (1, 13, 15, 20, 22).The reliability of Melbourne Decision Making Scale was administered by Deniz (2004) through test-retest and internal consistency. MDMS was administered to 56 students for twice with three weeks break with test-retest method, and the reliability coefficients gathered from sub-scales through retesting change between r=.68 ile r=.87. Deniz (2004) progressed item analysis in calculating internal consistency of scale, and he found that 26 of 28 items had item total correlation above 33, but Copyright©IntJSCS (www.iscsjournal.com) - 578 Special Issue on the Proceedings of the 4th ISCS Conference – PART A July 2015 other two item had 26 and 27 item total correlation. SPSS 18.0 program was used in analysing data. Normality test was conducted to detect whether the data was distributed normally or not. Th results showed that data was not distributed normally. For this reason, Mann-Whitney U test was used for two-grouped data, and Kruskal Wallis tests were performed for multiple groups. Findings This section involves the findings and the commentaries regarding these findings. Table 1 shows the demographic features of veteran players, and table 2 presents frequency distribution concerning performing sport. In addition, table 6 and 7 indicate the results of independent t-test conducted to determine the relationship between the values gathered from decision-making sub-scales and the variables of doing sport frequency and playing statute. Table 3,4,5 and 8 gives the results One way ANOVA test administered to detect relationship among the variables of age, education degree, monthly income and the position of playing soccer. Copyright©IntJSCS (www.iscsjournal.com) - 579 International Journal of Science Culture and Sport (IntJSCS) July 2015 Tablo 1. Anova test results regarding decision-making strategies of subjects in line with their ages Sub-scales of KSO Deciding Carefully Avoidant Deciding Postponing Deciding Panic Deciding Age N Under 40 72 7,0417 2,15222 Between 41-45 67 7,1493 1,93260 Ẋ Ss Between 46-50 34 8,0882 1,79844 Above 51 23 6,9565 1,89445 Total 196 7,2500 2,01373 Under 40 72 5,6944 2,31126 Between 41-45 67 5,5970 2,32288 Between 46-50 34 5,3235 2,19808 Above 51 23 5,4783 2,35236 Total 196 5,5714 2,28709 Under 40 72 4,6389 2,42815 Between 41-45 67 4,7761 2,34728 Between 46-50 34 4,2647 2,39075 Above 51 23 4,4348 2,55532 Total 196 4,5969 2,39782 Under 40 72 4,2778 2,56313 Between 41-45 67 4,2090 3,04281 Between 46-50 34 3,5000 3,00757 Above 51 23 4,2609 3,13655 Total 196 4,1173 2,87188 F P ,043 2,495 Signific ant Differe nce 31.2.4 ,880 ,215 -- ,768 ,381 ,637 -- ,621 -- When analysing table 1, it was determined that there is not any significant difference p: ,05 among avoidant, postponing and panic deciding sub-scales considering the scores of veteran individuals from different age groups. Moreover, it was detected that there was a significant difference (P =,043 < 0.05) between veterans in the group of 46-50 ages and other age groups of veterans in deciding carefully sub-scale. When analysing this difference, it was concluded that the scores of veterans in 46-50 ages group were higher than under 40, between 41-45 and above 51 groups. Copyright©IntJSCS (www.iscsjournal.com) - 580 Special Issue on the Proceedings of the 4th ISCS Conference – PART A July 2015 Tablo 2. Anova test results regarding decision-making strategies of subjects in line with their education levels Sub-scales of KSO Deciding Carefully Avoidant Deciding Postponing Deciding Panic Deciding N Ẋ 23 7,6087 1,58800 106 7,2547 2,00979 Vocational School Undergraduate 35 7,0571 2,36323 19 7,2105 1,87317 MA/PhD 13 7,1538 2,11527 Total 196 7,2500 2,01373 Primary School High School 23 6,4348 1,75360 106 5,6509 2,14717 Vocational School Undergraduate 35 4,6571 2,31292 19 4,8947 2,94193 MA/PhD 13 6,8462 2,11527 Total 196 5,5714 2,28709 Primary School High School 23 5,7826 1,90589 106 4,5000 2,53076 Vocational School Undergraduate 35 3,7714 1,97165 19 4,4737 2,41220 MA/PhD 13 5,6923 2,21302 Total 196 4,5969 2,39782 Primary School High School 23 5,9130 1,80688 106 4,0849 2,85896 Vocational School Undergraduate 35 2,9714 3,20373 19 3,1579 2,43272 MA/PhD 13 5,6923 2,09701 Total 196 4,1173 2,87188 Primary School High School Ss F P Significant Difference ,268 ,898 -------- 3,893 ,005 3,329 ,012 5,643 ,000 1,5-3,4 1-2,3,4 3-5 1,5-2,3,4 When analysing table 2, it revealed that there was significant difference p:0,05 between avoidant and panic deciding sub-scales considering the scores of veteran individuals from different education degrees. It was detected that there was not any significant p:0,05 Copyright©IntJSCS (www.iscsjournal.com) - 581 International Journal of Science Culture and Sport (IntJSCS) July 2015 difference in deciding carefully sub-scale. It was then uncovered that the scores of primary school and MA/PhD were higher than high school, vocational school and undergraduate in the sub-scale of avoidant deciding. For postponing deciding sub-scale, it was detected that the score of primary school was higher than high school, vocational school and undergraduate. What is more, the means of scores of vocational school was detected as lower than MA/PhD. It was revealed that the scores of primary school and MA/PhD were higher than high school, vocational school and undergraduate in the sub-scale of panic deciding. Tablo 3. Anova test results regarding decision-making strategies of subjects in line with their monthly income Sub-scales of KSO Monthly income N Ẋ Under 2000 tl 92 7,1957 2,05549 Deciding Carefully Between 2001-2500 tl 72 7,2778 2,13107 Between 2501-3000 tl 11 7,5455 1,43970 Above 3001 tl 21 7,2381 1,75798 Total 196 7,2500 2,01373 Under 2000 tl 92 5,1522 2,20357 Between 2001-2500 tl 72 6,0694 2,25380 Avoidant Deciding Postponing Deciding Panic Deciding Ss Between 2501-3000 tl 11 3,9091 2,16585 Above 3001 tl 21 6,5714 2,06328 Total 196 5,5714 2,28709 Under 2000 tl 92 4,5326 2,46492 Between 2001-2500 tl 72 4,6528 2,41567 Between 2501-3000 tl 11 3,9091 2,84445 Above 3001 tl 21 5,0476 1,77415 Total 196 4,5969 2,39782 Under 2000 tl 92 3,8261 2,92623 Between 2001-2500 tl 72 4,3333 2,79335 Between 2501-3000 tl 11 2,7273 3,06891 Above 3001 tl 21 5,3810 2,39742 Total 196 4,1173 2,87188 F P Significant Difference ,105 ,916 -------- 5,850 ,002 ,580 ,590 -------- 2,737 ,043 4-1,3 1,3-2,4 It was detected that there was not any significant difference p: ,05 between the sub-scales of deciding carefully and postponing deciding regarding the scores of veteran individuals from different monthly income. However, when analysing avoidant and panic deciding sub-scales, there was a significant difference p: ,05. Copyright©IntJSCS (www.iscsjournal.com) - 582 Special Issue on the Proceedings of the 4th ISCS Conference – PART A July 2015 What ‘s more it was found that the score means of individuals having under 2000 tl and between 2501-3000 tl income were lower than individuals having income between 2001-2501 and above 3001 for avoidant deciding sub-scale. For panic deciding, the score means of individuals having income above 3001 tl were higher than the ones having under 2000 tl and between 2001-2500 tl income. Tablo 4. T test results of subjects for doing sport and deciding strategies Ẋ Sub-scales of KSO Doing Active Sport in the Past N Deciding Carefully Yes 124 Avoidant Deciding Postponing Deciding Panic Deciding 7,3468 Ss t 2,16417 ,882 p ,004 No 72 7,0833 1,72594 ,936 Yes 124 5,1129 2,23137 -3,809 ,861 No 72 6,3611 2,17738 -3,834 Yes 124 4,0323 2,35104 -4,539 ,830 No 72 5,5694 2,16779 -4,638 Yes 124 3,4758 2,87536 -4,283 ,017 No 72 5,2222 2,52437 -4,433 When analysing table 4, it was determined that there was a significant difference p: ,05 between carefully and panic deciding sub-scale scores in line with whether veteran individuals are doing active sport or not. In this manner, it can be stated that the subjects doing sport actively may be regarded as more careful and giving more panic decisions compared to ones not doing active sport. However, there was not any significant p: ,05 difference between avoidant and postponing deciding sub scales and doing sport actively. Copyright©IntJSCS (www.iscsjournal.com) - 583 International Journal of Science Culture and Sport (IntJSCS) July 2015 Table 5. T test results of subjects’ statues of playing football and deciding strategies Sub-scales of KSO Statues of playing football N Deciding Carefully Amateur 116 Professsional Avoidant Deciding Postponing Deciding Panic Deciding Ẋ Ss t 7,3707 2,09981 1,010 80 7,0750 1,88112 1,031 Amateur 116 5,3793 2,04155 -1,420 Professsional 80 5,8500 2,59064 -1,360 Amateur 116 4,0603 2,44341 -3,908 Professsional 80 5,3750 2,11310 -4,014 Amateur 116 3,5517 2,75790 -3,410 Professsional 80 4,9375 2,85224 -3,388 p ,391 ,022 ,221 ,669 There was a significant difference p: ,05 regarding avoidant deciding sub scale scores acooding to the statues of veteran subjects’ playing football. Moreover, it was detected that the scores of individuals playing football professionally in the past were higher than the ones playing football in an amateur way. Discussions There was not any significant difference in avoidant, postponing and panic deciding strategies according to age groups, however, there was significant difference (P=< 0.05), in the favour of 46-50 age, group between 46-50 age group and other groups according to deciding carefully. In this regard, Demirbaş (1992) uttered that the older you become the higher your skill of deciding and thus decisions are becoming more obligatory. In addition, Özcan (1999) conducted his study on deciding styles of the principal in high schools, and found that the principal between 36-40 were more reasonable than the ones in their 25-30 ages; and the chairmen in 41-45 age group were also more reasonable than the ones in their 20-25 age group. These results show similarities with our results and supports our study. Although there was a significant difference (P=<0.05) between the scores of avoidant, postponing and panic deciding features regarding the education degrees of subjects, there was not significant difference concerning deciding carefully (P=>0.05). What is more, it was detected that the individuals having primary school and MA/PhD degrees were more avoidant than the ones having high school, vocational school and undergraduate degrees. the individuals having primary school degree had more postponing features than the ones having high school, vocational school and undergraduate degrees. Copyright©IntJSCS (www.iscsjournal.com) - 584 Special Issue on the Proceedings of the 4th ISCS Conference – PART A July 2015 Besides, it was achieved that the individuals having high school, vocational school and undergraduate degree had more panic deciding features than the ones having primary school and MA/PhD degrees. In this regard, Gacar (2011) found that the academics having lower statues had more postponing approach than the higher statues academics in his study conducted on academics. Uzunoğlu (2008) found significant difference on avoidant deciding as a sub scale of deciding styles regarding the education degrees of referees, and he then indicated that this difference arose from the one among high school, MA and vocational school degrees in one of his study carried out on referees. However, Özcan (1999) did not fix any significant difference between education level and deciding styles of school principal. In addition, Kao (2005) detected in his dissertation that there was not significant difference between education levels and the means of rational, dependable, avoidant and spontaneous deciding styles of chairmen. Moreover, Sanders (2008) concluded that there was ot significant difference between deciding styles and educational levels of individuals. The results of the study concerning educational level variable and decision making styles are supported by similar studies Deniz(2002), Tiryaki (1997), Sinangil(1993). There was not a significant difference p: ,05 between carefully deciding and postponing one regarding the monthly income of veteran football players. However, significant difference was detected between avoidant and p: ,05 panic deciding. In addition, it was reached that the individuals having income under 2000 tl and between 2501-3000 tl were more avoidant than the ones having income between 2001-2500 tl and above 3001 tl. The veteran soccer players having income under 2000 tl and between 2001-2500 tl were detected as having more panic deciding features than the ones having income above 3001 tl. There was a significant difference p: ,05 between the sub scales of deciding carefully and panic deciding in line with doing sport actively or not. In this manner, it can be uttered that the subjects doing sport actively gave more careful and panic decisions than the ones not doing active sport. There was not any significant difference p: ,05 between avoidant and postponing deciding sub scales and the comparison of subjects’ doing sport actively or not. In addition, it revealed that according to the statues of veteran soccer players, the ones played football professionally gave more avoidant decisions than the ones played football in an amateur way in the past. In this regard, Akbulut (2012) determined that there was not any significant difference in avoidant decision making comparison of amateur and professional football players. The results of our study seems a parallel manner with Akbulut’s (2012 ). The reason of different results avoidant decision making flourishes more evidently in the progressing years regarding the statue of playing football. According to the results of studies, it can be stated that 46-50 age group of veteran football players are more decisive regarding making decisions carefully than other age groups. Significant difference has been found between the education levels of veteran players and avoidant, postponing and panic deciding sub scales of making decision strategies. What is more, according to education level, MA/PhD level have more scores, avoidant and primary school degree has more score for postponing and panic making decision. Moreover, significant difference has been detected between avoidant and panic making decision in line with the income level of veteran players. The players having income 3001tl and above are determined as giving more avoidant and panic decisions. Copyright©IntJSCS (www.iscsjournal.com) - 585 International Journal of Science Culture and Sport (IntJSCS) July 2015 In addition, significant difference has been fixed between carefully deciding and panic deciding according to whether subjects did sport actively in the past or not. It is seen that the individuals, did sport actively in the past, are giving more careful decision while the ones, did not sport actively in the past, giving more panic decisions. When considering whether these veteran soccer players played football professionally or in an amateur way, it has detected that professional players give more avoidant decisions. Besides, the conditions of players in different age groups may be investigated. The candidates of football player should be educated on developing decision making strategies along with football exercises. Doing sport regularly may also be recommended to administer decision making strategies efficiently. REFERENCES Akbulut, K. A. 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