Plagiarism Presentation - Department of Chemical Engineering
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Plagiarism Presentation - Department of Chemical Engineering
Referencing and Academic Integrity www.plagiarism.org www.plagiarism.org Let’s check our academic integrity: • I have cheated on an exam • I combined some paragraphs from different books in the theory section of my lab report. I did give the reference. • If I copied a few sentences from another paper. I made sure I included the reference. • If I used a figure from the literature in my thesis, I gave the reference. • I copied a few sections from a paper that I previously wrote and I included the reference of the original paper in the new paper. www.plagiarism.org What is Citation? A “citation” is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again, including: • information about the author • the title of the work • the name and location of the company that published your copy of the source • the date your copy was published • the page numbers of the material you are borrowing www.plagiarism.org When do I need to cite? Whenever you borrow words or ideas, you need to acknowledge their source. The following situations almost always require citation: • Whenever you use quotes • Whenever you paraphrase • Whenever you use an idea that someone else has already expressed • Whenever you make specific reference to the work of another • Whenever someone else’s work has been critical in developing your own ideas. www.plagiarism.org Citation Styles • Harvard (author-date) and Vancouver (authornumber) styles are most common. Each journal or book may follow own style rules. www.plagiarism.org Harvard Style • In text: author’s name and publication date • Bibliography is given alphabetically by author. • Example: – ‘A recent study shows that negative absolute temperatures can be attained such that the population of high energy states is higher than that of low energy states (Braun et al., 2013). Other writers have commented on this extraordinary finding, most notably Carr (2013). www.plagiarism.org Harvard Style • In text: author’s name and publication date • Bibliography is given alphabetically by author. • Example: ‘A recent study shows that negative absolute temperatures can be attained such that the population of high energy states is higher than that of low energy states (Braun et al., 2013). Carr (2013) has also commented on this extraordinary finding. Bibliography: Braun, S., Ronzheimer, JP, Schreiber, M., Hodgman, SS., Rom T., Bloch I. 2013. Negative Absolute Temperature for Motional Degrees of Freedom, Science, 339 (6115) pp. 52-55 Carr L. 2013. Negative Temperatures?, Science, 339(6115), pp. 4243 www.plagiarism.org Vancouver Style • In text: references are numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first cited in the text. • Bibliography is given by order of appearance in text. • Example: ‘A recent study shows that negative absolute temperatures can be attained such that the population of high energy states is higher than that of low energy states [1]. Carr [2] has also commented on this extraordinary finding. Bibliography: 1. Braun S., Ronzheimer J.P., Schreiber M., Hodgman S.S., Rom T., Bloch I. Negative Absolute Temperature for Motional Degrees of Freedom. Science. 2013; 339 (6115):52-55 2. Carr L. Negative Temperatures? Science. 2013; 339(6115):42-43 www.plagiarism.org Online resource When citing an online source, your citation should contain the following elements: • the author or editor (if available), • the title of the text (if different from the name of the website) • the name of the website, • the name of the site’s sponsor or associated institution or organization, • the date you accessed the site, • the electronic address (URL). • Example: NASA Spacelink System. 29 August 2009. A brief history of rocketry[online]. Available from: http://science.ksc.nasa.gov/history/rocket-history.txt [Accessed 2 September 2009] Wikipedia is not a primary source http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pub/integrity/pages/styles/ According to the Merriam-Webster OnLine Dictionary, to “plagiarize” means • to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own • to use (another's production) without crediting the source • to commit literary theft • to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source. Plagiarism involves both stealing someone else’s work and lying about it afterward www.plagiarism.org All of the following are considered plagiarism: • turning in someone else’s work as your own • copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit • failing to put a quotation in quotation marks • giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation • changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit • copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not www.plagiarism.org Attention! • Changing the words of an original source is not sufficient to prevent plagiarism. • If you have retained the essential idea of an original source, and have not cited it, then no matter how drastically you may have altered its context or presentation, you have still plagiarized. • www.plagiarism.org To paraphrase • A paraphrase is a restatement in your own words of someone else’s ideas. • Changing a few words of the original sentences does NOT make your writing a legitimate paraphrase. • You must change both the words and the sentence structure of the original, without changing the content. • Also, you should keep in mind that paraphrased passages still require citation because the ideas came from another source, even though you are putting them in your own words. www.plagiarism.org 6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind you later how you envision using this material. At the top of the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the subject of your paraphrase. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper. www.plagiarism.org Paraphrasing The original passage: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47. A legitimate paraphrase: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47). An acceptable summary: Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47). A plagiarized version: Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes. https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resour ce/619/01/ Types of Plagiarism I. SOURCES NOT CİTED 1. “The Ghost Writer” The writer turns in another’s work, word-for-word, as his or her own. 2. “The Photocopy” The writer copies significant portions of text straight from a single source, without alteration. 3. “The Potluck Paper” The writer tries to disguise plagiarism by copying from several different sources, tweaking the sentences to make them fit together while retaining www.plagiarism.org Types of Plagiarism I. SOURCES NOT CİTED, CONTİNUED 4. “The Poor Disguise” Although the writer has retained the essential content of the source, he or she has altered the paper’s appearance slightly by changing key words and phrases. 5. “The Labor of Laziness” The writer takes the time to paraphrase most of the paper from other sources and make it all fit together, instead of spending the same effort on original work. 6. “The Self-Stealer” The writer “borrows” generously from his or her previous work, violating policies concerning the expectation of originality adopted by most academic institutions. www.plagiarism.org Types of Plagiarism II. SOURCES CİTED (but still plagiarized!) 1. “The Forgotten Footnote” The writer mentions an author’s name for a source, but neglects to include specific information on the location of the material referenced. This often masks other forms of plagiarism by obscuring source locations. 2. “The Misinformer” The writer provides inaccurate information regarding the sources, making it impossible to find them. 3. “The Too-Perfect Paraphrase” The writer properly cites a source, but neglects to put in quotation marks text that has been copied word-for-word, or close to it. Although attributing the basic ideas to the source, the writer is falsely claiming original presentation and interpretation of the information. www.plagiarism.org Types of Plagiarism II. SOURCES CİTED (but still plagiarized!) 4. “The Resourceful Citer” The writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using quotations appropriately. The catch? The paper contains almost no original work! It is sometimes difficult to spot this form of plagiarism because it looks like any other well-researched document. 5. “The Perfect Crime” In this case, the writer properly quotes and cites sources in some places, but goes on to paraphrase other arguments from those sources without citation. This way, the writer tries to pass off the paraphrased material as his or her own analysis of the cited material. www.plagiarism.org AIChE – code of ethics • Members of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers shall uphold and advance the integrity, honor and dignity of the engineering profession by: • Being honest and impartial and serving with fidelity their employers, their clients, and the public; • Striving to increase the competence and prestige of the engineering profession; • Using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfare. www.plagiarism.org AIChE – code of ethics To Achieve these Goals, Members shall: • Perform professional services only in areas of their competence. • Build their professional reputations on the merits of their services. • Conduct themselves in a fair, honorable and respectful manner. www.plagiarism.org Who owns the data? • As a general rule, if you write a thesis at a University, the University owns the contents of that thesis. • This means you cannot use the data in the thesis – – – – To file for a patent by yourself. To start a company and make profit To make personal profit from the results Sell the data or share the data with companies that would make profit www.plagiarism.org Yükseköğretim kurumundan bir yarıyıl için uzaklaştırma cezasını gerektiren disiplin suçları MADDE 7 - (1) Yükseköğretim kurumundan bir yarıyıl için uzaklaştırma cezasını gerektiren eylemler şunlardır; a) Yükseköğretim kurumu personeli ve öğrencilerini tehdit etmek, b) Yükseköğretim kurumlarında işgal ve benzeri fiillerle yükseköğretim kurumunun hizmetlerini engelleyici eylemlerde bulunmak, c) Kurum personeli ve öğrencilerine fiili saldırıda bulunmak, ç) Yükseköğretim kurumlarında hırsızlık yapmak, d) Yükseköğretim kurumu bünyesinde mevcut bina, demirbaş eşya ve benzeri malzemeyi tahrip etmek veya bilişim sistemine zarar vermek, e) Sınavlarda kopya çekmek veya çektirmek, f) Seminer, tez ve yayınlarında intihal yapmak. www.plagiarism.org Bogazici Universitesi Etik Ilkeler Etik İlkeler Üniversitemizi oluşturan öğretim elemanları, öğrenciler, idari görevi olan öğretim üyeleri ve idari personele ilişkin, yasalar ve yönetmeliklerin genellikle kapsamadığı ya da belirlemediği alanlarda uyulacak ilkelere tarafların bağlılığının sağlanması amacıyla kurumumuzda varolan aşağıdaki ilkelerin korunması, pekiştirilmesi ve benimsenmesi üniversitemizin işleyişi ve saygınlığı açısından yararlı olacaktır. 1-İnsan hak ve özgürlüklerine saygı gösterilmesi, 2- Din, dil, ırk, etnik köken, fikir, cinsiyet, cinsel yönelim, yaş, bedensel engel ve benzeri özellikler nedeniyle ayrımcılık ve önyargıya yer vermeden hakça ve dürüst davranılması, 3- Üniversitede her konunun özgürce tartışılacağı bir ortamın yaratılması ve korunması, 4- Bilgilenme, bilgilendirme, öğrenim ve öğretim özgürlüğünün korunması, 5- Bilimin gelişme sürecinin herkes tarafından desteklenmesi, 6- Saydamlık ilkesi ile saklı kalması gereken bilginin korunması ilkesi arasında denge kurulması, 7- Üniversite içi bireyler ve birimler arası ilişkilerin her zaman karşılıklı saygı çerçevesinde tutulması, 8- Kurumsal kaynakların korunması, özenli, verimli ve etkili kullanımının sağlanması, 9- Karardan doğrudan ya da dolaylı etkilenenlerin karar verme sürecine katkılarının sağlanması, 10-Yapılan iş ve alınan kararlarda insanlığın yararı gözetilip sosyal sorumluluk bilinciyle davranılması, 11-Kişisel yetkinliğin geliştirilmesi; dürüstlük, güvenilirlik, hak ve sorumlulukların bilinciyle davranılması, 12-Profesyonel yetkinliğin geliştirilmesi; görevin kendine özgü amaçlarına, kurum ve görevin saygınlığının korunmasına uygun davranılması; işin yapılmasında kalite ve etkililik ilkelerinin benimsenmesi, 13-Bireysel gelişimin desteklenerek özendirilmesi; akademik liyakat, deneyim ve emeğe saygı gösterilmesi, 14-Çevreye karşı duyarlı, sorumlu ve hayvan haklarına saygılı davranılması, 15-Üniversitede yetkilerin akademik özerklik, özgürlük ve iyiniyet çerçevesinde kullanılması, sorumlulukların tam olarak yerine getirilmesi; sözkonusu ilkelerin yöneticilerce kurum içi ve dışında korunması ESASTIR www.plagiarism.org Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Öğrenci Hak ve Sorumlulukları • Sorumluluk: Dersleri takip eder ve verilen sınavlara katılır. Ödev, rapor ve vb çalışmalarını zamanında teslim eder. Notlarını ve akademik durumunu takip eder. Akademik takvimi ve yönetmelikleri bilir, izler ve bunlara uyar. Aşağıda belirtilen bilimsel intihal ve diğer akademik dürüstlük ilkelerine uyar: • • • • • Öğrenciler, tüm disiplinlerde her türlü akademik çalışmada değerlendirmenin sadece kendi çalışmaları üzerinden yapılacağının, başkasının fikir, öneri ve görüşlerini kaynak göstermeden, kısmen veya tümüyle kopyalamanın ve/veya çevirisinin suç olduğunun ve disiplin cezası alacağının bilincindedir. (Yüksekögretim Kurumları Ögrenci Disiplin Yönetmeligi) Basılmış veya basılmamış herhangi bir kaynak ( örneğin makale, kitap, rapor, başka bir öğrencinin çalışması, Internet alıntısı vb.) kullanılması durumunda kaynak gösterir. Başkası tarafından yapılmış ve/veya başkasına yaptırılmış olan çalışmayı kendi çalışması olarak sunmaz. Sınavlarda kopya çekmez. Elektronik belgeler dahil hiçbir belgede tahrifat yapmaz. www.plagiarism.org www.plagiarism.org www.plagiarism.org Plagiarism scandal Correspondence Nature 449, 658 (11 October 2007) | doi:10.1038/449658a; Published online 10 October 2007 Plagiarism? No, we're just borrowing better English Ihsan Yilmaz1 Physics Department, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey Sir The accusations made by arXiv that my colleagues and I have plagiarized the works of others, reported in your News story 'Turkish physicists face accusations of plagiarism' (Nature 449, 8; doi:10.1038/449008b 2007) are upsetting and unfair. It's inappropriate to single out my colleagues and myself on this issue. For those of us whose mother tongue is not English, using beautiful sentences from other studies on the same subject in our introductions is not unusual. I imagine that if all articles from specialist fields of research were checked, similarities with other texts and papers would easily be found. In my case, I aimed to cite all the references from which I had sourced information, although I may have missed some of them. Borrowing sentences in the part of a paper that simply helps to better introduce the problem should not be seen as plagiarism. Even if our introductions are not entirely original, our results are — and these are the most important part of any scientific paper. In the current climate of 'publish or perish', we are under pressure to publish our findings along with an introduction that reads well enough for the paper to be published and read, so that our research will be noticed and inspire further work. www.plagiarism.org