10032010 Seminar: Sociolinguistics 2011
Transkript
10032010 Seminar: Sociolinguistics 2011
Name: Nevide Esin Dogus Student ID: 10032010 Seminar: Sociolinguistics 2011-2012 Semester 1 Program: MA English Language Lecturer: Ingrid van Alphen Quotative Markers in Turkish Language 16.01.2012 1 Chapter 1 Introduction In this paper, I will explain what quotation construction is, how and with which words the phenomenon works in Turkish, which new quotative markers were introduced into the language, and how the change occurred. First I will introduce the phenomenon and the literature about it, then I will write down which words are used as quotative markers; I will then explain quotatives with and without helping words (prepositions and nouns namely), with examples. Finally, I will explain changed patterns of quotation construction in Turkish, with one very significant example of “falan olmak (to be/become like),” and I will present a pilot study that I conducted about the expression with the research results I collected about it, and will conclude my paper. Since there had not been any research done about it, I could not find any sources about quotation construction in Turkish (be it online or printed), and as a result, the examples given in this paper are of my own online chat logs that were taken from dialogues that were mde with four different people from different educational and social backgrounds, and they are two females and two males between ages 19 and 27. The examples were taken from chat logs of Windows Live Messenger online chat program, and personal information is omitted, except genders and ages. The so called “helping words” mentioned throughout the paper are prepositions, adjectives, adverbs and nouns used with verbs to create quotative markers, and the reason of this distinction is that there is an instance of a quotative marker that could be used with or without any helping words. According to Foolen (2001), it is estimated that the quotation construction in English started around twenty five years ago, and the word “like” had different functions than a quotative marker. In Turkish, there are no researches done about quotative markers; so with a rough estimation, quotation construction started around the beginning of the 2000s. There are two types of quotative markers, namely 1) single quotative markers, and 2) quotative markers with helping words. There is only one instance of single quotative marker (which is a verb), and that is “demek,” and it has an older history of usage than other quotative markers that were started to be used around the beginning of the 2000s. Shortly, according to Redhouse Online Turkish-English Dictionary, “demek” means “to utter” and it also means “to say,” and these two meanings are used depending on the advent of the sentence. The word could be used both in front of and at the end of the quotation, as a marker: 2 1) Turkish: Babam “Sınavdan çıkınca beni ara” dedi. Diagram: Father-1ST.SG English: My father said, “Call me after the exam.” exam exit me call say-SM.PST-3RD.SG The reason why the verb “demek” comes at the end of the sentence is because of the agglutination feature of Turkish. Even when the word “demek” is in front of the quotation, the sentence constructed before the quotation fits the agglutinative form of the language. If not, then the sentence becomes overturned, and the meaning rendered out of some forms of overturned sentences looks poetic, and sometimes even meaningless. That is why when “demek” is used in front of the quotation, it is usually supported with a possessive separate suffix called “ki.” 2) Turkish: ki Mehmet diyor “Toplantıyı yarın organize ederim.” Diagram: Mehmet say-PRS.CONT.-3RD.SG POS meeting tomorrow organize do-PRS.SM.-1ST.SG English: Mehmet says, “I will organize the meeting tomorrow.” 3) Turkish: Demiş Diagram: Say-3RD.SG-PST.PRF POS ki “Onu görmek her/him see istemiyorum.” want-NEG-PRS.CONT- 1ST.SG English: S/he had said, “I don’t want to see her/him.” 3 When used before the quotation, “demek” could also adopt a helping word, and I will talk about it later when I discuss markers with helping words. Quotative markers with helping words are meaningless when they are used only by themselves with the intention of quotative markers. The only exception is “demek” which could both be used with and without any helping words as mentioned above. Quotative markers used with helping words are the following: Anlatmak: böyle, diye, şöyle, tarzında Demek: böyle, falan, şeklinde, şöyle Konuşmak: böyle, diye, gibi, şeklinde, şöyle, tandansında, tarzında Olmak: böyle, falan, gibi, şöyle Söylemek: böyle, diye, gibi, şeklinde, şöyle Yapmak: böyle, falan, gibi, şöyle The meanings of the verbs are as follows (Redhouse Online Turkish-English Dictionary, 2012): Anlatmak: 1. /i/ to explain. 2. /i/ to relate, tell. 3. /i/ to describe. 4. /a/ to show (someone) (said threateningly). 5. /i, a/ to convince (someone) of the truth of (what one is saying). 1. Turkish: Konuyu detaylı Diagram: Subject-INF-3RD.SG detail-INF bir şekilde anlat. one way-INF explain-IMP-3RD.SG English: Explain the subject in a detailed way. 2. Turkish: Bana bir masal anlat Diagram: Me one story tell-IMP-3RD.SG baba. dad English: Tell me a story, dad. 4 3. Turkish: Hırsızın tipini Diagram: Thief-3RD.SG type anlatırken titriyordu. describe-INF-3RD.SG tremble-PRS.CONT.-SM.PST- 3RD.SG English: S/he was trembling while describing the looks of the thief. 4. Turkish: Gün gelir sana birisi zorla bunları anlatır. Diagram: Day come-SM.PRS-3RD.SG you someone force these show-SM.PRS3RD.SG English: One day someone comes over and shows you these by force. 5. Turkish: Ne kadar uğraşsam da Diagram: What much strive-OPT-1ST.SG CNJ gerçekleri anlamayacak. truth-PL-3RD.SG convince-FUT- 3RD.SG English: No matter how much I strive, s/he will not be convinced about the truth. Demek: 1. to say. 2. /a/ to call, name. 3. /a/ to think of (something in a certain way). 4. to hope, intend, think, expect, assume. 5. to try to, be crazy enough to. 5. what you call, socalled. 6. no sooner than, as soon as, at the very moment that. 7. To be firm in one’s decisions. 8. colloq. A. He gets his own way. B. He keeps his promises. 9. to disobey one’s orders.10. /in/ to come around to (his/her) point of view. 11. /i/ to mean, mean to say. 12. to come to mean. 13. /i/ to say (something) in so many words, mean to say. 14. just at that moment. 15. to underrate, underestimate. 16. A. having the meaning (of). B. having the value, importance, or force (of). 17. A. to mean, come to mean. B. to have the value of, be equivalent to. 18. "so it means that; that means." 19. so, thus, therefore, in this case. 5 Konuşmak: 1. to talk, speak. 2. to communicate. 3. to converse, chat, talk (with each other). 4. /i or dan/ to discuss, talk about. 5. /la/ to be on friendly terms with; to be on speaking terms with. 6. colloq. (for something) to look sharp, be eye-catching. 1. Turkish: Bebeğimiz sonunda konuştu! Diagram: Baby-1ST.PL finally speak-SM.PST-3RD.SG English: Our baby finally spoke! 2. Turkish: İnsanlar birbirleriyle konuşarak anlaşırlar. Diagram: People each other communicate get along-SM.PRS-3RD.PL English: People get along by communicating to each other. 3. Turkish: Bu sabah yolda karşılaştık, biraz konuştuk. Diagram: This morning road come across-SM.PST-3RD.PL, a bit talk-SM.PST-3RD.PL English: We came across on the road this morning, and we talked a bit. 4. Turkish: Ordan burdan konuştuk. Diagram: There here talk-SM.PST-1ST.PL about English: We talked about this and that. 5. Turkish: Ahmet neden benimle konuşmuyor? Diagram: Ahmet why me be-NEG-PRS.CONT-3RD.SG on friendly terms English: Why is Ahmet not on friendly terms with me? 6. 6 Turkish: Araba konuşuyor Diagram: Car be-PRS.CONT-3RD.SG eye-catching birader! brother English: The car is so eye-catching bro! Olmak: ",-ur 1. to become, come to exist, come into being. 2. to happen, occur, be, take place. 3. to be (to have or occupy a place or position; to show a certain characteristic). 4. to have (used with possessives). 5. (for time) to pass, elapse, be. 6. (for something) to be acceptable, be all right, be okay. 7. to ripen; (for food) to be cooked, be done. 8. /a/ (for an article of clothing) to fit. 9. /dan/ to lose, be deprived of. 10. to catch (a disease). 11. to undergo (something). 12. /a/ (for something) to be a source of (something) to (someone). 13. slang to get drunk. 14. all (the events) that took place. 15. It’s been just about ... 16. olmak: colloq. All right./OK./Very well./Agreed. 17. as (one) is, as (it) is. 18. as it (they) happened. 19. besides being ..., in addition to being ...; besides having ..., in addition to having ... 20. besides being ...; besides having ...21. as much as possible. 22. being. 23. to be on the point of being. 24. all (the events) that took place. 25. to happen, take place. 26. all. 27. just any old, whatever, any ... that. 28. at random, without thinking. Söylemek: 1. /i/ to say, utter (something); /i, a/ to say (something) to (someone), tell (someone) (something). 2. /i/ to tell (someone to do something). 3. /a/ to speak to, direct one’s words to. 4. /i/ to sing (a song); to recite (a poem). Yapmak: 1. /i/ to make; to build, construct, fashion; to create; to manufacture; to produce; to prepare. 2. /i/ to do; to busy oneself with (something); to do (something) (as one’s regular work or occupation); to carry out, perform; to effect, execute: 3. /i/ to repair, fix (something). 4. /i/ to cause, bring about (an illness). 5. /i/ to be (used with reference to the weather). 6. /i/ to make, acquire (money). 7. /i/ to produce (offspring). 8. /i/ (for a vehicle) to do, go, travel at (a specified speed). 9. /i/ to make (someone, something) (reach a certain state). 10. to do, act, behave. 11. /i/ to be occupied with (the doing of something). 12. /a/ to defecate (in/on); to urinate, wet. 13. /i/ to harm, do (someone) harm. 14. /i/ to do, arrange. 15. /i/ to make or describe (an arc, a curve, a bend, etc.). 16. /i/ slang. to do it to, have sex with. The meanings of the helping words are as follows (Redhouse Online Turkish-English Dictionary, 2012): 7 Böyle: 1. so, thus, in this way; such. 2. in this way (often used to avoid repeating reported speech). 3. by and by, gradually. 4. It’s always been this way and it always will be. 5. anyhow, even though. 6. since this is the way it is, therefore, so. Diye: 1. because. 2. so that; lest. 3. by saying. 4. by mistake, thinking that; on the assumption that. 5. called, named. 6. as. 7. by saying repeatedly. 8. what one means, what one intends to say. 9. to have the urge to say (something) (but to leave it unsaid). 1. Turkish: Sırf Öyle Diagram: Just istedi ağzına diye That way want-SM.PST-3RD.SG because mouth vurmuş. hit-PST.PRF- 3RD.SG. English: S/he smacked her/him in the mouth just because s/he wanted to do so. 2. Turkish: diye dört tencere yemek Yesin Diagram: Eat-IMP-3RD.SG so that four pan food yaptım. make-SM.PST-1ST.SG English: I prepared four pans of food so that s/he would eat. 3. Turkish: “Gel!” diye Diagram: Come by saying sesleniyorsun da holler-PRS.CONT-2ND.SG CNJ çocuk duymuyor. child hear-NEG- PRS.CONT-3RD.SG English: You holler by saying “Come!” but the child won’t hear. 4. Turkish: Gittin diye eşyalarını kaldırmıştım. Diagram: Go-SM.PST-2ND.SG thinking that belongings remove-PST.PRF-1ST.SG English: I had removed your belongings thinking that you went away. 5. 8 biri Turkish: Mehmet diye seni arıyor. Diagram: Mehmet named someone you call-PRS.CONT-3RD.SG English: Someone named Mehmet is calling you. 6. Turkish: Gözüme iyi biri diye göründü. Diagram: Eye-1ST.SG good someone as seem-SM.PST-3RD.SG English: S/he seemed as a good person to my eye. 7. Turkish: Aptal diye diye Diagram: Idiot by saying repeatedly çocuğu aptal child idiot make-SM.PRS-1ST.SG edersin. English: You would make the child idiot by saying repeatedly that s/he is an idiot. 8. Turkish: Konuş diye öyle söyledim. Diagram: Speak-IMP-2ND.SG intend to say that way say-SM.PST-1ST.SG English: What I intended to say was to make you speak. 9. Turkish: Dur diye bağırsaydın beklerdi. Diagram: Stop-IMP-2ND.SG to have the urge to say shout-OPT-SM.PST-2ND.SG waitSM.PST-3RD.SG English: If you urged to shout at her/him to stop, s/he would wait. Falan: "colloq. 1. so-and-so. 2. a certain person, you know who. 3. what´s his name; what´s her name. 4. around, roughly, approximately, or so. 5. and people such as they, Brit. and co.; and such, and so forth, and so on, and what have you, and what not; et cetera, etc. 6. given 9 people, these people; given things, these things. 7. and people such as they, and that lot; and what have you, and what not; et cetera, etc. 8. such and such. Gibi: 1. like. 2. as if, as though. 3. like, as. 4. as befits. 5. (after a predicate) almost, nearly, somewhat. 6. as soon as. 7. /a/ to seem to (one), appear to (one). 8. to be as though. 9. to pretend (to do something). 10. likes. 11. as if to say. 12. along/on the lines of. 1. Turkish: Yaşlı bir kadın Diagram: Old one woman like gibi yürüyorsun. walk-PRS.CONT-2ND.SG English: You are walking like an old woman. 2. Turkish: Poster çok ortada gibi Diagram:Poster very middle as if duruyor. stay-PRS.CONT-3RD.SG English: The poster seems as if it is too much in front of the public eye. 3. dediğim Turkish: Mehmet’le Diagram: Mehmet gibi konuş. say-SM.PST-1ST.SG as speak-IMP-2ND.SG English: Speak to Mehmet as I said. 4. Turkish: Bana hayvan gibi Diagram: Me animal as befits davranmayı treat bırak! quit-IMP-2ND.SG English: Quit trating me as befits an animal! 5. Turkish: Bugün hava güzel gibi görünüyor. Diagram: Today weather nice somewhat seem-SM.PRS-3RD.SG 10 English: The weather seems somewhat nice. 6. Turkish: Ürünler geldiği kargoya Diagram: Products come as soon as gibi vereceğim. cargo give-FUT-1ST.SG English: I will give the products to cargo service as soon as they arrive. 7. Turkish: Kapı kapandı gibi buradan bakınca. Diagram: Door close-SM.PST-3RD.SG appear to here look English: It appears to me that the door is closed when you look from here. 8. Turkish: Partide 70’leri yeniden Diagram: Party 70s again yaşıyoruz gibi oldu. live-PRS.CONT-1ST.PL as though be-SM.PST-3RD.SG English: I was as though we were living the 70s again in the party. 9. Turkish: Kitap okur yapıp gibi Diagram: Book read-SM.PRS-3RD.SG to pretend karikatür do-3RD.SG cartoons okumuş. read-PST.PRF- 3RD.SG English: S/he pretended to have read a book while reading cartoons. 10. Turkish: Senin gibileri biz çok Diagram: You likes iyi we very well biliyoruz. know-PRS.CONT-1ST.PL English: We know the likes of you very well. 11. 11 Turkish: Aferin gibilerinden sırtıma vurdu. Diagram: Well done as if to say back-1ST.SG tap-SM.PST-3RD.SG English: S/he tapped my back as if to say “well done.” 12. Turkish: “Geçmişe sahip çıkalım” Diagram: Past gibilerinden bir konuşma protect-1ST.PL along the lines of one speech yapacağım. make-FUT-1ST.SG English: I will make a speech along the lines of “Let’s protect our past.” Şekil (Şeklinde): ,-kli 1. shape. 2. diagram, figure, illustration. 3. way, manner. 4. kind, sort, variety. 5. condition, state. 6. appearance. 7. all kinds of, many different kinds of. Şöyle: 1. thus, thusly; in this way; in that way; like this; like that; in the following way. 2. such; this kind of; that kind of; of this sort; of that sort. 3. carelessly, haphazardly; aimlessly; desultorily. 4. /a/ to give (someone, something) a quick, superficial glance. 5. to look daggers at (someone). 6. so-so, fair to middling. 7. approximately, roughly. 8. Let alone ..., never mind about ... 9. such that, in such a manner that. 10. "lt’s as follows." Tandans (Tandansında): Tendency. Tarz (Tarzında): 1. manner, sort, kind, way. 2. style. The combinations are divided into two categories, namely quotative markers in front of the quote and quotative markers at the end of the quote. Quotative markers that come in front of the quote are the ones with the helping words “böyle” and “şöyle” respectively. Chapter 2 The Empirical Study No.1 The Method 12 In order to collect data for this study, I picked four different people from four differnet social and educatinal backgrounds and extracted the examples below, from Windows Live Messenger online chat logs. All the examples I collected are from the logs of the year 2011. Below are the examples for the usage of quotatives in Turkish. 1) Böyle anlatmak: Source: Friends (Turkish male, 23, trilingual) Turkish: Böyle anlatırsın döndüğümüzde Diagram: kasa çoktan In this way turn-SM.PST-2ND.PL safe “Otele açılmıştı.” Sakin konuş. tell-SM.PRS-2ND.SG hotel already open-be-PST.PRF-3RD.SG Calm speak-IMP- 2ND.SG English: You will tell it like this: “When we were back to the hotel, the safe was already opened.” Speak calmly. In this example, the quotative marker “böyle anlatmak” is used in front of the quotation to make a grammatically correct sentence, and the meaning intended with the marker is “to tell like this.” 2) Diye anlatmak: Source: Friends (Turkish male, 27, monolingual) Turkish: Ablam müdür anlatınca Diagram: uyarı “Okula düzenli verir” gitmezsen diye korktum. Elder sister-1ST.SG school regularly go-NEG-SM.PRS-OM-2ND.SG principal warning give-SM.PRS-3RD.SG by saying 13 tell-SM.PST-3RD.SG English: scare-SM.PST-1ST.SG I was scared when my sister told by saying, “If you do not go to school regularly, the principal gives you a warning.” 3) Şöyle anlatmak: Source: Friends (Turkish male, 23, trilingual) Turkish: Ondan sonra bilgisayarın fişini çekti Diagram: That computer English: şöyle anlattım ve then that “Geldi, gitti.” tell-SM.PST-1ST.SG come-SM.PST-3RD.SG plug pull-SM.PST-3RD.SG and go-SM.PST-3RD.SG After that I told as “S/he came, s/he unplugged the computer, and s/he left.” 4) Tarzında anlatmak: Source: Friends (Turkish male, 27, monolingual) “Ayşe patronuyla Turkish: çünkü patronu Diagram: Ayşe kadın” tarzında kavga ediyor, anlatıyorlardı. boss-3RD.SG continuously fight because boss-3RD.SG woman English: sürekli style do-PRS.CONT-3RD.SG, tell-PRS.CONT-3RD.PL-SM.PST They were telling in the style, “Ayşe continuously fights with her boss because her boss is a woman.” 5) Böyle demek: Source: Friends (Turkish male, 23, trilingual) Turkish: Böyle Diagram: In this way demelisin say-COND-2ND.SG “Siz muhattabım değilsiniz.” you-PL collocutor-my be-NEG- 2ND.PL English: You should say like this/in this way: “I will not stoop to speak to you.” 14 6) Falan demek: Source: Friends (Turkish female, 25, trilingual) Turkish: “O akşam çok sarhoştum, hatırlamıyorum” falan demişsin. Diagram: That evening very drunk-SM.PST-1ST.SG, remember-NEG-PRS.CONT- 1ST.SG like say-PST.PRF-1ST.SG English: You have said like, “I was very drunk that evening; I do not remember.” 7) Gibi birşeyler demek: Source: Friends (Turkish female, 19, bilingual) Turkish: “Akşam yemeğini Evening meal birlikte yemelisiniz” gibi birşeyler diyor. Diagram: together eat-OM-2ND.PL like things say-PRS.CONT-3RD.SG English: S/he says things like “You must have dinner together.” 8) Şeklinde birşeyler demek: Source: Friends (Turkish male, 27, monolingual) Turkish: “Sen daha küçük bir kızsın” Diagram: You only little a şeklinde birşeyler dedim. girl-2ND.SG manner things say-SM.PST- 1ST.SG English: I said things in the manner, “You are only a little girl.” 9) Şöyle demek: Source: Friends (Turkish male, 23, trilingual) Turkish: Şöyle demek sanıyorsun?!” hoş olmaz Çok “Sen kim olduğunu ayıp. 15 Diagram: That say nice be-NEG-SM.PRS you 2ND.SG think-PRS.CONT-2ND.SG English: who be-SM.PST- very disgraceful To say like that will not be nice: “Who do you think you are?!” Very disgraceful. 10) Böyle konuşmak: Source: Friends (Turkish male, 23, trilingual) Turkish: “O kız Sokakta benim Diagram: that girl ayağıma Street my English: böyle konuştum: gelecek!” in this way foot Gelmedi tabii. talk-SM.PST-1ST.SG come-FUT-3RD.SG come-NEG-3RD.SG of course. I talked in the street this way: “that girl will come to my feet!” Of course she did not come. 11) Diye konuşmak: Source: Friends (Turkish female, 19, bilingual) Turkish: “Adamın evinde Marquis de Sade kitabı var oğlum!” diye konuştu. Diagram: Man house Marquis de Sade book be son by saying talk-SM.PST-3RD.SG English: S/he talked by saying, “The guy has the Marquis de Sade’s book in his house, man!” 12) Gibi konuşmak: Source: Friends (Turkish male, 27, monolingual) Turkish: sıkıntıdan Diagram: “Maç saat yedide başlıyor, ölebilirim şu an” Game hour seven gibi konuştu. start-PRS.CONT-3RD.SG, 16 boredom die-1ST.SG English: this moment like talk-SM.PST-3RD.SG S/he talked like, “The game starts at seven; I could die from boredom at the moment.” 13) Şeklinde konuşmak: Source: Friends (Turkish female, 25, trilingual) Turkish: “Al eşyalarını git, artık” istemiyorum seni şeklinde görmek konuştum. Defoldu. Diagram: Take belonging-PL-2ND.SG go-2ND.SG-IMP, you want-NEG-PRS.CONT-1ST.SG from now on way see talk-SM.PST-1ST.SG go away-SM.PST-2ND.SG English: I talked in the way, “Take your belongings and leave; I do not want to see you anymore.” S/he went away. 14) Şöyle konuşmak: Source: Friends (Turkish male, 27,monolingual) Turkish: çoktan Diagram: OM-SM.PST English: şöyle Ablam konuştu: “Çocuk olmasaydı boşanmıştım.” Sister-my like that already talk-SM.PST-3RD.SG child have-NEG- divorce-PST.PRF-1ST.SG My sister talked like/as “I would have already divorced if I did not have the child.” 15) Tandansında konuşmak: Source: Friends (Turkish female, 19, bilingual) Turkish: bilmiyorum” “Yarın buluşamayız, bu akşam da olmaz, tandansında konuşuyor, 17 sinirlerimi Diagram: bozuyor. Tomorrow meet-NEG-SM.PRS-2ND.PL, this know-NEG-PRS.CONT-1ST.SG nerve-PL-1ST.SG English: tendency evening CNJ be-NEG, talk-PRS.CONT-3RD.SG break-PRS.CONT-3RD.SG S/he talks in the tendency, “We cannot meet tomorrow, neither can we this evening; I do not know,” and s/he gets on my nerves. 16) Tarzında konuşmak: Source: Friends (Turkish female, 25, trilingual) Turkish: “Güne mutlu tarzında Diagram: English: konuşarak Day 3RD.SG style başlayanın happy onu günü her/him sonlanır” gülümsetemezsin. start-SM.PRS-3RD.SG day talk mutlu happy end-SM.PRS- smile-NEG-SM.PRS-2ND.SG You cannot make her/him smile by talking in the style, “The one who starts the day happy will have a happy-ended day.” 17) Böyle olmak: Source: Friends (Turkish male, 23, trilingual) Turkish: var.” Diagram: be English: Böyle Kısa olacağım, ve bu puana ihtiyacım net. In this way short “Efendim, and be-FUT-1ST.SG Sir this point need-1ST.SG clear I will be like this: “Sir, I need this grade.” Short and clear. 18) Falan olmak: Source: Friends (Turkish female, 19, bilingual) Turkish: “Oha! Haber vermeden gidemezsin!” 18 falan oldu Diagram: like resmen. Whoa information give-NEG-2ND.SG be-SM.PST-3RD.SG English: go-NEG-2ND.SG really S/he was really like, “Whoa! You cannot leave without informing!” 19) Gibi olmak: Source: Friends (Turkish female, 19, bilingual) O Turkish: bırakma” Diagram: kaya gibi gibi That rock sert mizaçlı adam “Yalvarıyorum beni olunca iyice like hard nature man leave-NEG-2ND.SG like be-SM.PRS-3RD.SG English: soğudum. beg-PRS.CONT-1ST.SG me thoroughly go off-SM.PST-1ST.SG When that rock-hard-natured man became/was like, “I am begging you, do not leave me,” I thoroughly went off. 20) Şöyle olmak: Source: Friends (Turkish female, 19, bilingual) Adam şöyle Turkish: “Seni you seninle aldatsam Diagram: Man oldu that konuşayım ki?” be-SM.PST-3RD.SG cheat-SUBJNC-1ST.SG you-with English: neden why talk POS The guy was as this: “If I cheated on you, why would I talk to you?” 21) Böyle söylemek: Source: Friends (Turkish female, 25, trilingual) Turkish: Böyle çok sert söylüyorum konuşurum.” “Bir Yine suçlu daha argo ben kullanırsan oluyorum. 19 Diagram: In this way OM-2ND.SG very hard English: say-PRS.CONT-1ST.SG one more slang use-SM.PRS.talk-SM.PRS.-1ST.SG again guilty I be-PRS.CONT-1ST.SG I say like this: “If you use slang once again, I speak harsh.” And I become the guilty one again. 22) Diye birşeyler söylemek: Source: Friends (Turkish male, 27, monolingual) Ahmet Turkish: “O diye bayılabilirim” Diagram: kadar acıktım Ahmet that birşeyler much birazdan söyledi. hungry-SM.PST-1ST.SG CNJ faint-SM.PRS-1ST.SG by saying things English: ki a little later say-SM.PST-3RD.SG Ahmet said things such as “I am so hungry that I could faint soon.” 23) Gibi birşeyler söylemek: Source: Friends (Turkish female, 19, bilingual) Turkish: “Sanat tarihi Diagram: Art okumak ayrıcalıktır” gibi birşeyler söyledim. history study privilege like things say-SM.PST- 1ST.SG English: I said things like “Studying art history is a privilege.” 24) Şeklinde birşeyler söylemek: Source: Friends (Turkish female, 19, bilingual) Turkish: “Ben sana aşık beni terk ne yapacağım Diagram: yalvarıyorum şeklinde birşeyler söylüyor, etme” I oldum ben? you love be-SM.PST-1ST.SG beg-PRS.CONT-1ST.SG Me leave do-NG-IMP-2ND.SG way things say-PRS.CONT-3RD.SG, 20 what do-FUT-1ST.SG English: I? S/he says things in the way “I fell in love with you; I am begging you do not leave me.” What am I going to do? 25) Şöyle söylemek: Source: Friends (Turkish male, 23, trilingual) Turkish: O değerlendireceğim Diagram: şöyle da Ama kabul S/he CNJ that evaluate-FUT-1ST.SG but English: söylemiş edeceğimin “Teklifinizi garantisini utter-PRS.PRF-3RD.SG accept veremem.” offer-2ND.PL do-FUT-1ST.SG guarantee give-NEG-1ST.SG And she said like this: “I will evaluate your offer but I cannot guarantee that I will accept it.” 26) Böyle yapmak: Source: Friends (Turkish female, 25, trilingual) Turkish: Böyle o evde yüzden Diagram: that reason English: yapacağım, kimse In this way home evi “Yarın temizleyeceğim olmasın.” do-FUT-1ST.SG tomorrow house clean-FUT-1ST.SG one-NEG be-NEG-IMP I will do as this way, “Tomorrow I am going to clean the house, so may there be nobody in the house.” 27) Falan yapmak: Source: Friends (Turkish male, 27, monolingual) Turkish: “Beni ama huyunu onun Diagram: but Me satın alamazsın” falan yaptı paranla biliyorum. money-2ND.SG her/his nature-3RD.SG buy like do-SM.PST-3RD.SG know-PRS.CONT-3RD.SG 21 English: S/he did like, “You cannot buy me with your money,” but I know her/his nature. 28) Gibi yapmak: Source: Friends (Turkish male, 27, monolingual) “Tabii Turkish: o” gibi Diagram: s/he” English: kızım, yapmak benim gibi do hayatta bulamaz çocukça. Of course girl-1ST.SG my like kadını like woman life find-SM.PRS-3RD.SG childish Doing like, “Of course, girl, s/he can never find a woman like me” is childish. 29) Şöyle yapmak: Source: Friends (Turkish female, 19, bilingual) Turkish: Manyak Diagram: Şöyle mıdır “O kitapları sana yediririm”. nedir? That way do-SM.PST-3RD.SG, that SM.PRS-1ST.SG English: yaptı, maniac QSW books to you eat-CAUS- what S/he did as this way, “I will make you choke on those books.” I wonder if s/he is crazy or what? To conclude, the usage of the quotative markers does not depend from one gender to another or from one social group to another in online chats on Windows Live Messenger program, according to the empirical data collected. The reason why "şeklinde birşeyler demek," "gibi birşeyler demek," "şeklinde birşeyler söylemek," "diye birşeyler söylemek," and "gibi birşeyler söylemek" have "birşeyler" in the middle is because “şeklinde demek,” “gibi demek,” “şeklinde söylemek,” “diye söylemek” and “gibi söylemek” sound incomplete, therefore they contradict the syntax of Turkish. For the same reason, we could not construct the following quotative markers: "Falan şeklinde anlatmak" and "falan söylemek." 22 Chapter 3 Falan Olmak: The Quotative Marker that Appeared, Rose and Declined There is one interesting phenomenon in the Turkish language, the quotative marker “falan olmak.” The meaning of it is “to be/become like,” and the reason that the phenomenon is interesting, is because it appeared in the language at the beginning of the 2000s with a prime time Turkish soap that was aired from 2004 until 2008. The phenomenon started to decline after the show, and nowadays it is rarely used and it is trtied to be removed from the language by Turkish speakers, for it is seen as a pollution in the language. According to Foolen (2001), the spread of the expression “to be like” indicates sociolinguistic stratification, and it has been in the English language for about 25 years. The expression was first noticed by Lawrence Schourup in 1983 as a quotative marker, and the marker has been observed ever since. Some of the examples of “to be like” given in Foolen and that are related to my study include the following: Source: Foolen 2001, page 1 English (Santa Barbara Corpus): 232.85 233.37 Richie: and I was like oh God, there was a door here before. Source: Foolen 2001, page 2 English (Glasgow, Scotland, Macaulay 2001): I was like that ‘On you go’ On a cross-linguistic scale, however, the very marker in the Turkish language was used eagerly between 2004 and 2008, while it has been rarely used nowadays. The marker is called “falan olmak” and is used as a demonstrative quotative marker in Turkish. 23 When the word “falan” is translated into English, it has the meaning of “like,” and it actually has a comparative aspect by itself. However, when the word is combined with the word “olmak,” it changes form and becomes the demonstrative marker of “falan olmak (to be/become like).” Thus the quotative marker “falan olmak” is a demonstrative marker, whereas the word “falan” is a comparative marker by itself. 1. Turkish: Galiba otuz kişi falan gelecek. Diagram: Probably thirty person or so come-FUT-3RD.SG English: Probably thirty people or so will come. 2. Turkish: Bora ve Melis’i birlikte görünce oha falan Diagram: Bora and Melis together see whoa like olduk. be-SM.PST-1ST.PL English: We were like whoa when we saw Bora and Melis together. “Olmak” has meanings such as “to be,” “to become,” “to happen,” and “to occur.” The suffix “–mak” at the end of the verb “ol-” turns the word into singular neutral form. With personal inflection suffixes and suffixes of tenses, it is formed to be used as a verb in sentences. With the personal inflection suffixes, the verbs provide the information about people or objects that are referred to in the sentences. These are the examples for “falan olmak” used in online chats with Turkish speakers: (1) Source: Friends (Turkish male, 24, trilingual) Öyle dediğinde Such say-SM.PST-3RD.SG ben “Nasıl yani?” falan I how so like oldum. become-SM.PST-1ST.SG 24 When s/he said that, I was like “How so?” (2) Source: Family (Turkish female, 27, bilingual) Sebebi duyduk mısın ve “Salak sen?” falan olduk. Reason hear-SM.PST-1ST.PL and stupid QSW-2SG you like become-SM.PST-1ST.PL We heard the reason and we became like “Are you stupid?” Chapter 4 The Method In order to examine why this quotative marker is used rarely nowadays, I conducted an online survey (added at the end of this paper) in Turkish and asked people if this marker is seen as a part of the language and how it was introduced into Turkish. First, I wanted to eliminate people who thought that Turkish was not getting corrupted and grammar rules were not neglected. Therefore the survey ended after the first question for participants who thought that Turkish was not getting corrupted and the grammar rules were not neglected. Empirical Study No. 2 The questions and their results are as follows: Of the 178 people who participated in my online survey, 54% were female (96 persons), and 46% were male (82 persons). Out of 96 females, 42% were monolingual (40 persons), and 58% knew more than one language (56 persons). Out of 82 males, 38% were monolingual (31 persons), while 62% knew more than one language (51 persons). Thirty-four percent of the 25 participants were between the ages of 23 and 26, followed by 26% between the ages of 27 and 30. The first question I asked was if Turkish was becoming corrupted and if grammar rules were disregarded day-to-day. Ninety-two percent of the participants agreed that Turkish was getting corrupted and that grammar rules were neglected. Eight percent of the participants disagreed, and I eliminated this 8% after this question, because my empirical study required participants who thought Turkish was becoming corrupted; and asking the further questions to people who disagreed would lead to incorrect results. So from the second question on, my participants were 164 of the 178 people, the ones who thought that Turkish is being polluted every single day. Turkish is becoming corrupted and the grammar rules are neglected Agree Disagree 8% 92% N = 178 Pie Chart No. 1 indicates the answers of 178 participants to Question 1: “Turkish is becoming corrupted and the grammatical rules are disregarded day-to-day,” in percentages of agreement and disagreement. Question 2 was a multiple choice question, asking about the five most important factors contributing to the alleged corruption of Turkish. As a result, the most popular cause of the corruption in Turkish was the internet with 72%, followed by television with 69%, the educational system with 60%, print media with 24%, and radio with 14%. 26 Question 3 was about the perceived quality of the Turkish language since the year 2000. Seventy-three percent of the participants chose the option that since 2000, new chunks (as new quotative markers) have been included in Turkish that corrupted both spoken and written language, while 15% thought that those new chunks corrupted only spoken language. Eight percent chose the option that the new chunks corrupted only the written language, while 4% thought that the new chunks corrupted neither spoken nor written language. Since 2000, new quotative markers are added in Turkish and they corrupt... Both spoken and written language Only spoken language Only written language Neither 4% 8% 15% 73% N = 164 Pie Chart No. 2 indicates the answers of participants to the question 3 "Since the year 2000, new chunks are included in the language and they corrupt the following" On Question 4 I asked people’s thought about where the form “falan olmak” could have spread through the language with a multiple choice question. The most striking answer was television with 92%, followed by internet with 35%. The reason why these people mostly selected television might be because of a popular prime-time soap that was aired between the years 2004 and 2008. Because during the air of the soap, the quotative marker “falan olmak” started to be used in the language, especially by upper class. In this soap there was an upperclass young girl who used “falan olmak” in almost every sentence she constructed, so she was seen as the prime reason why the chunk has been spread. Even before the show was aired, the upper class introduced and used the chunk in Turkish, and eventually spread it through the spoken language. 27 However, on the fifth question, I asked about the frequency of the usage of “falan olmak,” and the answers were as follows: 85% of the participants said that they never used “falan olmak,” while 14% said they sometimes used it, and 1% said that they always used it. This result was striking because on Question 6, I asked how frequently the participants heard “falan olmak” used in daily life. Forty-six percent of the participants said that they sometimes heard it used, while 18% said that they heard it used frequently. Next to that, 31% said that they heard it used seldom, and 4% said they never heard it used. I ….. use the quotative marker "falan olmak" Never Sometimes Always 1% 14% 85% N = 164 Pie Chart No. 3 indicates the answers of participants to Question 5, "I .......... use the chunk "falan olmak." The conclusion for this data is that the majority of the respondents do not use the quotative marker “falan olmak” while speaking. 28 I think/hear that the quotative marker “falan olmak” is used in everyday life… Widespread Occasionally 4% Seldom Never 18% 32% 46% N = 164 Pie Chart No. 4 indicates the answers for the question 6 "I think/hear that the chunk ’falan olmak‘ is used in everyday life... " The conclusion for this data is that more than half of the participants hear that “falan olmak” is used in everyday life. On Question 7, I asked the participants if they thought “falan olmak” was part of the corruption in the Turkish language and if it had a place in Turkish. What is meant by “having a place” is if this quotative marker belongs to Turkish or not, according to the respondents. The answers given were striking, because 55% of the participants thought that “falan olmak” was a corruption in Turkish and that it had no place in the language. However, 23% thought that the chunk polluted the language but that it had a place; 15% thought that the chunk did not corrupt the language but that it had no place in the language, and 7% thought that it did not corrupt the language, and it had a place. The interesting thing here is that the participants who answered this question were the ones who thought that Turkish was getting more and more corrupted and the grammar rules were neglected day-to-day according to the first question; yet 22% of the participants thought “falan olmak” did not corrupt the Turkish language. One reason why they might have thought that it did not pollute seems to be that the quotative marker is used less than it was used a decade ago, and that might be why 22% of the participants thought that it is not a threat to the Turkish language anymore. 29 The last question I asked was whether the participants knew any counterparts for “falan olmak” in other languages. Seventy-nine percent of them answered that they thought it was also used in other languages but the only answer for another language was the English language. Twenty-one percent answered that they did not know if the same quotative marker existed in other languages or not. Do you know if the quotative marker “falan olmak” exists in other languages too? Yes, and here are the languages: No 21% 79% N = 164 Pie Chart No. 5 indicates the answer results of Question 8 "Do you know if the chunk ‘falan olmak’ exists in other languages too?" Empirical Study No. 3 In addition to conducting this survey, I also listened to two podcasts of a non-profit online Turkish radio station named Sourberry. The radio station belongs to a non-profit website called Eksi Sozluk, a website that is similar to Uncyclopedia in terms of contents. The podcasts I listened to are one from autumn 2011 hosted by a Turkish female DJ and one from spring 2006 hosted by a Turkish male DJ. Both programs were two-hour shows, and both shows had at least one guest. There were zero instances of “falan olmak” in neither of the two podcasts; however, out of 24 utterances of quotations used in the program hosted by the female DJ, 17 utterances included the quotative marker “falan demek” (to say like), and 7 utterances did not include any special quotative markers. 30 Empirical Study No. 4 I also watched a random episode of the famous soap that spread “falan olmak” into the language; it was the 75th episode, and it was from the second season of the show. Out of 72 minutes, I caught only three instances of “falan olmak,” and all were used by the upper-class girl in the show. In other words, the amount of the usage of the quotative marker was less than expected. The quotations are as follows: 1. Turkish: “Ben seninle Diagram: I you konuşmuyorum” falan oldum tamam mı? talk-NEG-PRS.CONT.1ST.SG like be-SM.PST-1ST.SG okay QSW English: I was like “I am not talking to you,” okay? Conclusion Throughout this paper I explained quotation constructions in Turkish language; dividing them into two groups as quotatives without helping words and quotatives with helping words, and I exemplified them with further explanations. Lastly, I explained a specific change in quotation markers I discussed, namely “falan olmak,” and hypothesized how it came to Turkish language and when it was used. I came up with a conclusion that according to my respondents, the very utterance “falan olmak” has spread from the upper class in Turkey and it is nowadays used seldom, probably by the upper class. However, the chunk may have been replaced with a new chunk, “falan demek,” over time. Additionally, the utterance was used widely at the beginning of the 2000s, and had its peak usage during the airing of a specific prime-time television soap between the years 2004 and 2008. What went wrong during the pilot study was that some people told me after completing the survey, that they lied about their ages, while another group told me that they lied about their gender. These might have slightly distorted the results if all data were correct. One other drawback about the survey I 31 conducted was my first question about the corruption in Turkish language was biased, and I could have prepared a more objective question to eliminate respondents who thought that Turkish language was not getting corrupted. In addition to this, I could have prepared a better and more detailed survey, asking more details about people’s social levels, and then there might have been results about the usage of “falan olmak” according to social classes. For further research, if it is a country-wide research project, the television shows and the radio programs of the peak period of the usage of “falan olmak” could be analyzed and evaluated to collect more data about the utterance. Also, internet archives could be scanned to find more about the phrase and the online usage of it. This concludes my report and my paper. 32 References Clark, Herbert & Richard Gerrig (1990). Quotations as Demonstrations. Language 60, 764 – 805. Foolen, Ad (2001). Marking Voices in Discourse: Quotation Markers in English and Other Languages. Redhouse Online Turkish-English Dictionary (2012). <http://www.redhouse.com.tr/> The date of use: December 2011-January 2012 Macaulay, Ronald (2001). You’re like ‘why not?’ The Quotative Expressions of Glasgow Adolescents. Journal of Sociolinguistics 5, 3 - 21. 33 Alphabetic List of Abbreviations 1ST: First Person 2ND: Second Person 3RD: Third Person CAUS: Causitive CND: Conditional CNJ: Conjunction CONT: Continuous FUT: Future INF: Inflection Suffix IMP: Imperative NEG: Negative OM: Optative Mood PL: Plural POS: Possessive PRF: Perfect PRS: Present PST: Past 34 QSW: Question Suffix Word SG: Singular SM: Simple SUBJNC: Subjunctive Questions of the survey about the quotative marker “to be like” in Turkish 1. The Turkish language gets corrupted, and grammar rules are neglected more and more day-to-day. o Strongly agree o Agree o Disagree o Strongly disagree 2. Which of these are the most important factors contributing to the corruption of Turkish? o Internet o Educational system o Television o Radio o Print media 3. What do you think about the quality of the Turkish language since 2000? 35 o New chunks are added to the language; they corrupt only the spoken language. o New chunks are added to the language; they corrupt only the written language. o New chunks are added to the language; they corrupt both the spoken and the written language. o New chunks are added to the language; they corrupt neither the spoken nor the written language. 4. Where do you think the chunk “to be like” spread from? o Internet o Television o Radio o Print media o Other 5. I use the chunk “to be like”… o Always o Sometimes o Never 6. I think/hear that the chunk “to be like” is used in everyday life… o Widely o Occasionally o Seldom o Never 36 7. The chunk “to be like”… o Pollutes Turkish but has a place in the language. o Pollutes Turkish and has no place in the language. o Does not pollute Turkish and has a place in the language. o Does not pollute Turkish but has no place in the language. 8. Do you know if the chunk “to be like” exists in other languages too? o Yes, these are the languages: o No 37