proje rehberi
Transkript
proje rehberi
21 MEF EĞİTİM KURUMLARI ARAŞTIRMA PROJELERİ YARIŞMASI Proje Rehberi MEF ULUSAL VE ULUSLARARASI 21. ARAfiTIRMA PROJELER‹ YARIfiMASI ARAfiTIRMA PROJELER‹ YARIfiMASI fiARTNAMES‹ 1. MEF E¤itim Kurumlar›; ülkemizdeki fen ö¤renimini desteklemek, bu alanda yetenekli ö¤rencileri bilimsel araflt›rmalara yöneltmek ve onlar›n "Gelece¤in Bilim Adamlar›" olarak yetiflmelerini sa¤lamak amac›yla lise ve dengi okul ö¤rencileri aras›nda yirmi y›ld›r "Araflt›rma Projeleri Yar›flmas›" düzenlemektedir. 2. Yar›flmaya, Türkiye'den ve yurtd›fl›ndan ilkö¤retim sonras› e¤itim yapan lise ve dengi okul ö¤rencileri kat›labilecektir. 3. Yar›flmaya yurtd›fl›ndan kat›lan projeler kendi aralar›nda yar›flacaklard›r. 4. Araflt›rma Projeleri Fizik, Kimya, Biyoloji dallar›nda haz›rlanacakt›r. 5. Projeler bilimsel bir araflt›rma niteli¤i tafl›mal›, orijinal olmal› ve daha önce herhangi bir yar›flmaya kat›lmam›fl olmal›d›r. Bu özelliklere sahip olmayan projeler baflvuru aflamas›nda elenecektir. (Orijinal olmayan projelerin sorumlulu¤u, proje sahipleri ve dan›flman ö¤retmenlere aittir.) 6. Yar›flmaya bir ö¤renci ancak bir proje ile kat›labilir. Projeler bir ö¤renci taraf›ndan haz›rlanabilece¤i gibi, grup çal›flmas› biçiminde (maksimum 3 ö¤renci 2 ö¤retmen) de haz›rlanabilir. (Ödüller, projeyi haz›rlayan kifli say›s›na bak›lmaks›z›n proje bafl›na verilecektir.) 7. Yar›flmaya baflvuracak ö¤rencilerin dolduraca¤› Proje Baflvuru Formlar›, en geç 24 fiubat 2012 tarihinde kurumumuzda olacak flekilde, Okul Müdürlü¤ü taraf›ndan imzalanarak varsa ekleriyle birlikte MEF Okullar› posta adresine veya proje@mef.k12.tr elektronik posta adresine gönderilecektir. Bu tarihten sonraki baflvurular de¤erlendirmeye tabi tutulmayacakt›r. 8. Projeler, Üniversitelerin Ö¤retim Üyeleri'nden oluflan Jüri taraf›ndan de¤erlendirilecektir. 9. Jüri, projenin içeri¤ine göre projenin bilim alan›n› de¤ifltirebilir. Örne¤in, kimya alan›nda gönderilmifl bir projenin içeri¤i biyoloji a¤›rl›kl› ise, o proje, bir biyoloji projesi olarak de¤erlendirilebilir. 10. Yar›flmaya kat›lanlardan, projeleri sergilenmeye de¤er görülen proje sahiplerine, ‹stanbul'da düzenlenecek serginin yeri ve tarihi Nisan ay› içerisinde bildirilecektir. 11. Sergi düzenleme (masa ve pano temini), MEF E¤itim Kurumlar› taraf›ndan yap›lacakt›r. Haz›rlanan proje kapsam›nda kullan›lmas› gerekli malzemeler önceden belirtilen telefonlar arac›l›¤› ile Proje Yar›flmas› Koordinatörlü¤ü'ne bildirilmeli ve olumlu-olumsuz teyidi al›nmal›d›r. 12. fiehir d›fl›ndan gelecek proje sahibi ö¤renciler ile dan›flman ö¤retmenlerin gelifl-gidifl (tren, otobüs, gemi), yol ücret bedelleri, yar›flma salonunda ulafl›m stand› görevlilerince taraf›n›za ödenecektir. 13. fiehir d›fl›ndan ve yurtd›fl›ndan gelecek kat›l›mc›lar›m›z›n, sergi süresince (Pazartesi, Sal›, Çarflamba, Perflembe) konaklama masraflar› kurumumuzca karfl›lanacakt›r. Konaklama plan›ndaki oda düzeni 2 veya 3 kifliliktir. Bu planlama, taraf›n›zca doldurulan ve kurumumuza gönderilen bilgi formlar› ile belirlenmektedir. 01 14. Sergi süresince yemek ihtiyaçlar›n›z -sabah kahvalt›lar› ve ö¤le yemekleri- kurumumuzca karfl›lanacakt›r. Akflam yemekleri kiflilere aittir. (Akflam organizasyonlar› hariç) 15. Yar›flmada her dalda birincilik, ikincilik, üçüncülük ve teflvik ödülü kazanan ö¤rencilerle, projeyi yöneten dan›flman ö¤retmenlere afla¤›da belirtilen miktarlarda para ödülü ve ayr›ca sergiye kat›lan tüm ö¤rencilere, dan›flman ö¤retmenlere ve/veya Okul Müdürlüklerine baflar› belgesi ve an› plaketi takdim edilecektir. 16. Yar›flmada ayr›ca jürinin uygun gördü¤ü say›daki çal›flmaya 'Jüri Özel Ödülü' verilecektir. DERECES‹ B‹R‹NC‹L‹K ÖDÜLÜ ‹K‹NC‹L‹K ÖDÜLÜ ÜÇÜNCÜLÜK ÖDÜLÜ TEfiV‹K ÖDÜLÜ JÜR‹ ÖZEL ÖDÜLÜ Ö⁄RENC‹ ÖDÜLÜ 2.200 TL. 1.900 TL. 1.650 TL. 1.350 TL. 1.000 TL. Ö⁄RETMEN ÖDÜLÜ 2.200 TL. 1.900 TL. 1.650 TL. 1.350 TL. 1.000 TL. Ayr›nt›l› Bilgi ‹çin: Tel: (0212) 287 69 00 Faks: (0212) 257 90 95 E-mail: proje@mef.k12.tr Web sitesi: www.mef.k12.tr Baflvuru Adresi: MEF E¤itim Kampüsü Ulus Mah. Öztopuz Cad. Leylak Sok. 34340 Ulus - Befliktafl / ‹stanbul 02 MEF ULUSAL VE ULUSLARARASI 21. ARAfiTIRMA PROJELER‹ YARIfiMASI MEF E⁄‹T‹M KURUMLARI L‹SE Ö⁄RENC‹LER‹ ARASI 21. ARAfiTIRMA PROJELER‹ YARIfiMASI MEF E¤itim Kurumlar›, Türkiye genelindeki lise ve dengi okul ö¤rencileri aras›nda yap›lan geleneksel ARAfiTIRMA PROJELER‹ YARIfiMASI'n›n bu y›l 21. sini düzenlemektedir. Bilindi¤i gibi büyük ilgi gören ve takdir toplayan bu yar›flma; F‹Z‹K, K‹MYA, B‹YOLOJ‹ dallar›nda haz›rlanan projelerin kat›l›m› ile gerçekleflmektedir. MEF E¤itim Kurumlar›, bu organizasyonla, yar›n›n Türkiye'sini yaratacak olan yetenekli ve istekli liseli gençlerimizi, temel ve uygulamal› bilim dallar›nda çal›flmaya teflvik etmeyi amaçlamaktad›r. Okulunuzun Müdürlü¤üne gönderilen baflvuru ve de¤erlendirme formlar›nda son baflvuru tarihi bildirilmifltir (24 fiubat 2012). 21. ARAfiTIRMA PROJELER‹ YARIfiMASI'na kat›lmak isteyen lise ö¤rencileri, belirtilen tarihe kadar baflvuru formlar›n› düzenleyerek, ilgili bölümlerini Okul Müdürlü¤ü'ne onaylatt›ktan sonra kurumumuza göndereceklerdir. Baflvurular, üniversite ö¤retim üyelerinden oluflan jüri üyeleri taraf›ndan incelenecek, sergilenmeye de¤er bulunan projeler belirlenecektir. PANO DÜZEN‹ Serginin temel amac› ise, yap›lan proje çal›flmas›n›, sergiyi gezenlere anlat›p tan›tmakt›r. Bunun için MEF E¤itim Kurumlar›, ö¤renciye 100 x 140 cm ölçülerinde bir masa ile 100 x 140 cm ölçülerinde bir pano verecektir. Ö¤renci, projesiyle ilgili deneysel düzene¤i ya da uygulama modelini masa üzerinde; proje ile ilgili raporu da A4 boyutunda k⤛tlara yaz›lm›fl olarak pano üzerinde sergileyecektir. DE⁄ERLEND‹RME Jüri üyeleri, sergiyi gezip projeyi gerçeklefltiren ö¤rencilerle görüflerek projeleri de¤erlendireceklerdir. Jüri üyelerinin ayr› ayr› yapt›klar› de¤erlendirmeler, MEF Ulusal ve Uluslararas› Araflt›rma Projeleri Yar›flmas› Genel Koordinatörlü¤ünün yar›flma yürütme kurulunda toplanacakt›r. Yürütme Kurulu, verilen notlar›n ortalamalar›na göre s›ralama yapacak ve dereceye giren ö¤rencileri belirlemeye yönelik listeyi haz›rlayacakt›r. Proje Yar›flmas› Koordinatörlü¤ü bu listeyi esas alarak kazanan ö¤rencileri aç›klayacakt›r. Bu ö¤rencilerin ödülleri sergi sonunda düzenlenecek törende kendilerine verilecektir. B‹L‹ME DESTEK PLATFORMU Geçti¤imiz y›llarda, büyük merkezlerin d›fl›nda ve üniversiteler çevresinden uzak yörelerdeki liselerimizde okuyan baz› ö¤renciler çal›flmalar›nda kullanacaklar› malzemeleri bulmakta güçlük çektiklerini, bu zorluklar nedeniyle yar›flmaya kat›lamad›klar›n› ve deste¤e ihtiyaç duyduklar›n› ifade etmifllerdir. Bu tür zorluklar çeken ö¤renci ve dan›flman ö¤retmenlerimiz için ifl dünyas›, giriflimciler bu konuya e¤ilerek, gelece¤in bilim adamlar›na destek olmak amac›yla aralar›nda bir insan kayna¤› yaratm›fllard›r. Böylece gençlerimiz projelerini haz›rlarken imkâns›zl›klarla bafl bafla kalmayacaklard›r. Bilime Destek Plâtformu'nun aslî görevi, bu tür zorluklar çeken ö¤renci ve dan›flman ö¤retmenlerimiz ile ifl dünyas› ve giriflimcileri, gelece¤in bilim adamlar›na destek olmak, sorunlar›na çözüm bulmak amac›yla bir araya getirmektir. 03 Platformun iflleyifli son derece basit: - Liseler, yar›flmam›za kat›lmay› düflündükleri proje kapsam›ndaki ihtiyaçlar›n› dan›flman ö¤retmen / ö¤retmenler önerisi ve okul müdürlü¤ünün onay› ile talep formunu doldurarak bize bildirirler. - Talep taraf›m›za ulafl›nca, koordinatörlü¤ümüz bir de¤erlendirme yapmaktad›r. - Uygun görülen talepler, seçece¤imiz gönüllü bilim dostu bir platform üyesi ile paylafl›lmaktad›r. - Bundan sonra üyemiz, okul ile temasa geçerek koordinatörlü¤ümüzden edindi¤i bilgiler ve talep formu sureti ile uygun gördü¤ü biçimde ihtiyac› karfl›lamaktad›r. - Sonuçtan Yar›flma Koordinatörlü¤ü de bilgi sahibi olmaktad›r. B‹L‹M VE B‹L‹MSEL ÇALIfiMA NE DEMEKT‹R? Bilim, insano¤lunun ilk ça¤lardan bafllayarak günümüze kadar düzenli olarak biriktirdi¤i bilgiler bütünüdür. Bu bilgiler, insanlar›n kendilerini ve çevrelerindeki tüm varl›klar› anlamak, meydana gelen olaylar› aç›klayabilmek amac›yla yapt›klar› çal›flmalar›n bir birikimidir. Bilime, dünyan›n de¤iflik yerlerinden pek çok bilim adam›n›n katk›s› olmufl ve olmaya devam edecektir. "Çok say›da bilim adam›n›n ortak çal›flmas›n›n sonucu" diye niteleyebilece¤imiz bilimin temelinde, insan›n düflünme yetene¤i, yarat›c›l›¤› ve sistemli çal›flmas› yatmaktad›r. B‹L‹MSEL ARAfiTIRMA NASIL YAPILIR? 1. Araflt›r›lacak konu saptan›r. 2. Bu konuda daha önce yap›lan çal›flmalar incelenir. 3. Araflt›r›lacak olay›n gözlemlenmesi amac›yla ön deneyler yap›l›r, uygulanacak deney yöntemleri ve yap›lacak deneyler plânlan›r. 4. Deneylerden elde edilen bilgiler düzenlenir. 5. Düzenlenen bilgiler aras›nda anlaml› bir iliflki olup olmad›¤› araflt›r›l›r. 6. Elde edilen bulgular ›fl›¤›nda hipotezler kurulur. 7. Elde edilen anlaml› iliflkiler incelenip tart›fl›larak belirli sonuçlara var›l›r. 8. Var›lan sonuçlar ve elde edilen bulgular bilim adamlar›na ve gelecek kuflaklara aktar›lmak üzere yaz›l› hale getirilir. 04 MEF ULUSAL VE ULUSLARARASI 21. ARAfiTIRMA PROJELER‹ YARIfiMASI PROJE RAPORU NASIL YAZILMALIDIR? Yapt›¤›n›z proje çal›flmas›n›n en önemli ad›mlar›ndan birini, araflt›rma konunuzla ilgili haz›rlayaca¤›n›z proje raporu oluflturur. Proje raporu, gözlem, deney ve ölçüm sonuçlar›n›n kaydedilerek, elde edilen sonuçlar›n yaz›l› olarak ortaya konmas›d›r. Çal›flman›z sonucunda elde etti¤iniz bilgiler, böylece korunacak, baflkalar›na ve gelecek kuflaklara aktar›lacakt›r. Ayr›ca yapt›¤›n›z çal›flman›n de¤erlendirilmesinde raporunuzun önemli rolü oldu¤unu hiçbir zaman unutmamal›s›n›z. Bu nedenle gerek yaz›m ve gerekse içerik bak›m›ndan raporunuzun yaz›l›m›na çok özen göstermelisiniz. Proje raporunda gereksiz uzatma ve tekrarlara kesinlikle yer vermeyiniz. Raporunuzu mutlaka afla¤›daki s›raya uyarak yaz›n›z. Projenin Ad› K›sa ve öz olarak tek bir cümle fleklinde yaz›lmal›, yap›lan çal›flma hakk›nda fikir verecek bir ad olmal›d›r. Girifl ve Amaç Bu k›s›mda, kendi çal›flman›z›n konusundan ve baflkalar›n›n daha önce bu konuyla ilgili yapt›klar› çal›flmalardan söz ediniz. Sizin çal›flman›z›n, di¤er çal›flmalardan hangi yönleriyle farkl›l›klar gösterdi¤ini belirtiniz ve çal›flman›zda neleri amaçlad›¤›n›z› aç›kça yaz›n›z. Araç ve Yöntemler Bu k›s›mda, - Proje çal›flman›zda izledi¤iniz yolu, - Kulland›¤›n›z materyal ve ölçü aletlerini, - Yapt›¤›n›z deneyleri, - Kontrollü deneyleri nas›l yapt›¤›n›z›, - Verileri toplama ve istatistiksel de¤erlendirme yöntemlerinizi, - Gözlemlerinizi, - Grafikleri çizmek için yapt›¤›n›z hesaplamalar› k›sa ve anlafl›l›r bir dille yaz›n›z. Sonuçlar ve Tart›flma Bu bölümde proje çal›flman›zdan elde etti¤iniz sonuçlar› yaz›n›z. Bu bölüm, raporunuzun en önemli k›sm›d›r. Bulgular›n›z; say›sal de¤erler, matematiksel eflitlikler veya sözlü ifadeler olabilir. Say›sal sonuçlar›n›z› mümkün oldu¤u kadar çizelgeler ve grafikler fleklinde veriniz. (Bulgular, uluslararas› birim sistemine uygun olmal›d›r.) Bulgular›n›z› tart›fl›rken geçerlilik s›n›rlar›n› da belirtiniz ve sonuçlar› olumsuz yönde etkileyen nedenler varsa, bunlar› aç›klay›n›z. Kendi bulgular›n›z›, konunuzla ilgili daha önce yap›lm›fl olan çal›flmalar›n bulgular›yla karfl›laflt›r›n›z. Yapt›¤›n›z çal›flmayla amac›n›za ne ölçüde ulaflt›¤›n›z› belirtiniz. Ayn› konuda yap›labilecek di¤er çal›flmalardan da söz ederek, konuya ilgi duyanlara yol gösterecek önerilerde bulununuz. 05 Yararlan›lan Kaynaklar Bilimsel araflt›rmalarda kaynak gösterme bir yandan bilim ahlâk›n›n bir gere¤i, di¤er yandan da çal›flman›n ve dayand›¤› temellerin do¤rulu¤unun ve güvenilirli¤inin bir kan›t›d›r. Bir bilimsel çal›flmada kaynak göstermenin amaçlar› "Bir bilimsel çal›flmada neden kaynak kullan›l›r?" bafll›¤› alt›nda aç›klanm›flt›r. B‹R B‹L‹MSEL ÇALIfiMADA NEDEN KAYNAK KULLANILIR? 1. Bilgilerin kayna¤›n› göstererek, araflt›rmay› yapan kiflinin katk›s›n›n neler oldu¤unu belirtmek ve bu bilgilerin gerçek sahiplerinin hakk›n› vermek, 2. Araflt›rmac›n›n savundu¤u görüflleri ve/veya ulaflt›¤› sonuçlar› desteklemek, 3. Okuyucuya verilen bilgilerin do¤rulu¤u ve güvenilirli¤i konusunda denetim olana¤› sa¤lamak, 4. ‹lgili konuda yeni araflt›rmalar yapmak isteyenlere baflvurabilecekleri kaynaklar sunmak, amac›yla bilimsel çal›flmalarda kaynak kullan›lmal›d›r. Kaynak gösterilirken mutlaka gösterilen kaynak ile ilgili bilgiler eksiksiz ve do¤ru olarak verilmelidir. ÇALIfiMANIZDA YARARLANDI⁄INIZ KAYNAKLARI NASIL GÖSTERMEL‹S‹N‹Z? Bir Kitab› Kaynak Gösterdi¤inizde; Yazar›n Soyad› Ad› (veya ad›n›n bafl harfi ve nokta), Kitab›n ad›, varsa derleyen, haz›rlayan veya çevirenin ad› ve soyad›, bask› say›s›, Yay›nevi (veya yay›nlayan kurum), Yay›n yeri, Yay›n tarihi belirtilmelidir. Örne¤in: • GÜNDÜZ T., Kantitatif Analiz Ders Kitab›, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Yay›nlar›, Ankara, 1975. • BRAUN R. D., Introduction to Instrumental Analysis, Mc Graw-HiII Book Co., New York, 1987. • MAHAN B. H., Üniversite Kimyas›, Çev. C. fienvar ve E. Edgüer, 5. bask›, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yay›nlar›, Ankara, 1989. gibi yaz›lmal›d›r. Bir Makaleyi Kaynak Gösterdi¤inizde; Yazar›n Soyad› Ad› (veya ad›n›n bafl harfi ve nokta), Makalenin ad›, Derginin ad› (Derginin tam ad› veya varsa uluslararas› k›saltmas›), Cilt No., Say› No., Makalenin bafllang›ç ve bitifl sayfalar›, Y›l› belirtilmelidir. Örne¤in: • SMITH MA, "The Nature of Distribution Functions for Colliding Systems", Journal of Chemical Education, Cilt 7, say› 3, s. 218-223, 1993. gibi yaz›lmal›d›r. Herhangi Bir Yay›n içerisindeki Bir Makaleyi Kaynak Gösterdi¤inizde; • D‹NÇKAYA E., "Aljinatta peroksidaz immobilizasyonu", IX. Kimya ve Kimya Mühendisli¤i Sempozyumu Bildiri Özetleri Kitab›, KTÜ Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Yay›nlar›, s 397, Trabzon, 1993. fleklinde bilgi vermelisiniz. 06 MEF ULUSAL VE ULUSLARARASI 21. ARAfiTIRMA PROJELER‹ YARIfiMASI F‹Z‹K PROJE ÖZET‹ (18. Araflt›rma Projeleri Yar›flmas› Fizik 1. si) Projenin Ad› : Uzun Mesafeli fiifreli Kablosuz Veri Aktar›m› Projeyi Haz›rlayanlar : Sarp KAYA - Can SELÇ‹K Okulu : Özel ‹zmir Amerikan Koleji - ‹zmir Dan›flman Ö¤retmen : Oktay ÜNAL Girifl ve Amaç 21.yüzy›lda, geliflen teknoloji ile baz› sorunlar ortaya ç›km›flt›r. Mesela, h›z› artan ve altyap›s›n› güçlendiren telekomunikasyon flirketlerinde, baz› pahal› çözümler; altyap›s› düzgün olmayan yerleflim birimlerine geç gelmekte ya da gelmemektedir. Bunun gibi durumlarda telekomunikasyon flirketlerinin kablosuz altyap›ya yönlenip, mesafe sorununu ortadan kald›r›p, altyap›s› kötü ve ya olmayan yerleflim birimlerine daha ucuza altyap› getirebilirler. Yöntem ve Materyal Yapm›fl oldu¤umuz proje, sadece flirketlerin kendi aralar›nda ba¤lant› kurmas› de¤il, bir flehirde altyap›s› yetmeyen bölgeye internet, telefon hatta televizyon yay›n› aktarmaya da ifle yaramaktad›r. Bu da flehir merkezine uzakta olan köylerin d›flar›ya iletiflimini açmaktad›r. Üstelik maaliyet olarak sadece fiberoptik kablo kullan›m› için gerekli olan cihazlar›n (sonland›rma cihazlar› gibi, fiberoptik kablo dahil de¤il) ücretinden çok daha düflüktür. Bulgular Projemizi ‹zmir körfezinin iki yakas›nda bulunan Karatafl (A noktas›) - Maviflehir (B Noktas›) semtleri aras›nda kurarak sistemimizi baflar›l› bir flekilde gerçeklefltirdik. Yapt›¤›m›z h›z testi ise 802.11b teknolojisinin son s›n›rlar›ndad›r. Yani 450 KB/sn civar›ndad›r. Wi-Fi teknolojisinde belirtilen h›z Al›fl+Verifl h›z›d›r. E¤er A noktas› B noktas›na ba¤l› ise, A noktas› al›fl yapaca¤› zaman B noktas› mutlaka verifl yapmal›d›r. Yani Al›fl+Verifl h›z›m yaklafl›k 9000KB/sn dir, bu da 11 Mbps h›z›na çok yak›n bir de¤erdir. 07 F‹Z‹K PROJE ÖZET‹ (19. Araflt›rma Projeleri Yar›flmas› Fizik 1. si) Projenin Ad› : CuInSe2, CuGaSe2, Cu(InGa)Se2 Gibi Üç veya Dört Bileflenli Yar›iletken Nanokristallerin Sentezi ve Yeni Nesil Günefl Pilleri Olarak Kullan›m Potansiyellerinin ‹ncelenmesi Projeyi Haz›rlayanlar : ‹dil ÖZDAMAR Okulu : ‹zmir Özel Fatih Fen Lisesi - ‹zmir Dan›flman Ö¤retmenler : Ümit KARACA Girifl ve Amaç Silikon günefl pillerinde %5 verim al›nmas›na karfl›l›k Kadmiyum günefl pillerinde verim %7-12'ye kadar ç›kabilir. Fakat Kadmiyum, çevre için zararl› bir maddedir. Bu projede çevreci maddelerle yeni nesil günefl pillerinde kullan›lmak üzere uygun kompozisyonlar›n sentezlenmesi ve bunlar›n elektriksel özellikleri de¤erlendirilerek günefl pillerinde kullan›lma potansiyelinin belirlenmesi amaçland›. Yöntem ve Materyal CuInSe2 gibi ikili ve üçlü bileflenlerden oluflan yar›iletkenler, düflük toksik etkili olmas›, yüksek dönüflüm verimleri nedeniyle fotovoltaik hücre olarak umut verici özellikler göstermektedirler. Bu çal›flmada düflük toksik etkili ve yüksek verimli günefl pilleri elde etmek için CuInSe2, CuGaSe2, Cu(InGa)Se2 yar›iletken nanokristaller sentezlendi. SEM, AFM ve SAX analiziyle yüzey ve boyut özellikleri incelendi. Bak›r levhalara kaplayarak karanl›k ortam, UVB ve c›va lambas› alt›ndaki direnç ölçümleri karfl›laflt›r›larak iletkenliklerindeki de¤iflimleri incelendi. Bulgular Örneklerin dirençleri iki noktadan al›nan ak›m-voltaj ölçüleriyle yap›ld›. CuInSe2, CuGaSe2 ve CuInGaSe2 UVB lambas› kullan›larak ›fl›¤a maruz b›rak›ld›¤›nda, süre ile üstel olarak direncinin azald›¤› gözlendi. ‹letkenli¤inin artt›¤›n› göstermektedir. En verimli sonuçlar CuInSe2’de görüldü. C›va lambas› ile yap›lan ölçüm sonuçlar›, di¤er ›fl›k kayna¤› ile elde edilen sonuçlar› desteklendi. Tart›flma Sonuç olarak CuInSe2, CuGaSe2 ve Cu(InGa)Se2'un elektriksel özellikleri ve test sonuçlar› incelendi. Sonuçlar karfl›laflt›r›ld›¤›nda günefl pillerinde materyal olarak en uygun maddenin CuInSe2 oldu¤u belirlendi. CuInSe2'un yeni nesil günefl pillerinde umut vaat etti¤i yap›lan testlerle kan›tland›. Ayr›ca yap›lan SEM ve AFM testleriyle boyutlar›n›n ideal ölçülerde oldu¤u belirlendi. Kaynak 1. ATAGÜNDÜZ, G., (1989), Günefl Enerjisi Temelleri ve Uygulamalar›, Ege Üniversitesi Günefl Enerjisi Enstütüsü 2. ERKOÇ, fi., (2007), Nanobilim ve Nanoteknoloji, ODTÜ yay›nlar›, Ankara, 72-74s. 3. GOETZBERGER, A. ve arkadafllar› (1998), Cristalline Sillicon Solar Cells 4. VARINCA, K. B. ve GÖNÜLLÜ T. M., Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklar›n›n Kullan›m›n›n Çevresel Olumlu Etkileri, YTÜ Çevre Mühendisli¤i Bölümü 5. TANG, J., H‹DS S., KELLEY S.O., and SARGENT E.H., (2008), Synthesis Of Colloidal CuGaSe2, CuInSe2 and Cu(InGa)Se2 Nanoparticles, Chem. Mater 20, sayfa 6906-6910 6. WANG, W. ve arkadafllar› (2009), Intermediate-band Photovoltaic Solar Cell Based On ZnTe:O, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 95 08 MEF ULUSAL VE ULUSLARARASI 21. ARAfiTIRMA PROJELER‹ YARIfiMASI F‹Z‹K PROJE ÖZET‹ (20. Araflt›rma Projeleri Yar›flmas› Fizik 1. si) Projenin Ad› : S›cak Foto¤raf Projeyi Haz›rlayanlar : Ada DO⁄RUCU, Alp Eren ELÇ‹, Kaan KARACA Okulu : Özel ‹zmir Amerikan Koleji - ‹zmir Dan›flman Ö¤retmen : Oktay ÜNAL Girifl ve Amaç Projemizde amac›m›z dijital foto¤raf teknolojisinde yeni bir düflünceyle resmin içerisine s›cakl›k verilerini ifllemek ve kullan›lacak bir program sayesinde, resmin görüntülenmesi s›ras›nda bilgisayar faresi ile resim bölgeleri üzerinde gezerken s›cakl›k de¤erlerini de resmin yan›nda kullan›c›ya göstermektir. Materyal ve Metot Bir ortamdaki ›s› enerjisini ve onun göstergesi olan s›cakl›¤› gösteren en önemli belirteç enerjili cisimlerin ortama sald›¤› ›fl›n›md›r. Yapt›¤›m›z araflt›rmalarda dijital foto¤raf makinelerinin ve bilgisayarlarda kullan›lan web kameralar›n resim al›c›lar› k›z›löteye de duyarl› oldu¤unu ancak bu duyal›l›¤› engellemek için kamera objektiflerinde bir cam plaka yer ald›¤›n› ve bu cam plakan›n ç›kar›lmas› sonucu k›z›löte bölgeden de objektife ›fl›n›m al›nd›¤›n› saptad›k. Bu nedenle projemizde baz› gelifltirmeler yaparak ikinci bir web kamera ile resmini çekece¤imiz ortam›n ayn› anda k›z›löte görüntüsünü alacak bir web kamera gelifltirdik. Bilgisayar malzemeleri satan bir firmadan temin etti¤imiz ayn› model iki web kameradan bir tanesi üzerinde yapt›¤›m›z gelifltirmeler flu fleklildedir. Web kameralar üzerinde bulunan renk alg›lay›c› merkezinin önünde bulunan k›z›löte engelleyici cam filtreyi ç›kararak bunun yerine bir foto¤raf negatifi parças› kullanarak sadece k›z›löte alg›layan bir web kamera gelifltirdik. Sonuç ve Tart›flma Projemizin flu anki durumu bir tafl›nabilir bilgisayar (laptop) ve iki kameran›n bulundu¤u bir sistem halindedir ve görüntü iflleme s›ras›nda k›z›löte resimdeki s›cakl›k de¤erleri belli durumlarda el ile ifllenmektedir ancak projemizi gelifltirme çal›flmalar› ve tamam›yle bilgisayar kontrollü yapma aflamalar› devam etmektedir. Bu proje güvenlikten - savunmaya, t›ptan - mühendisli¤e bir çok alanda kullanabilece¤i öngörülmektedir. Gelecekte gelifltirilecek bir sistem ile (bilinen dijital kameralara benzer yap›da) çekilen foto¤raflar otomatik olarak s›cakl›k de¤erlerini de alacak daha sonra foto¤raf incelenirken s›cakl›k de¤erleri de foto¤raf ile birlikte gözükerek istenilen uygulamalarda çok baflar›l› bir flekilde kullan›labilecektir. Kaynaklar Projemizdeki düflünce tamam›yle özgündür ancak, ›s›-s›cakl›k-foto¤raf teknolojisi-k›z›löte kavramlar› üzeründe çok çeflitli kaynaklardan (kütüphanemiz ve internet) okuma ve araflt›rmalar›m›z olmufltur. Bunun yan›nda google arama motoru ve google scholar da yapt›¤›m›z kaynak taramalar›nda bizim projemize benzer bir düflünce yoktur, termal kameralar ve k›z›löte kameralar vard›r ancak bizim düflüncemizde çekilen bir foto¤raf ortmadaki s›cakl›k de¤erlerinide saklayarak daha sonra bir izleme program› ile incelenirken s›cakl›k verilerini de göstermektedir. Ayr›ca bu projede bizlere yol gösterici olan ve her zaman yan›m›zda olan de¤erli ö¤retmenimiz Oktay ÜNAL'a çok teflekkür ederiz. 09 K‹MYA PROJE ÖZET‹ (18. Araflt›rma Projeleri Yar›flmas› Kimya 1. si) Projenin Ad› : Bask›lanm›fl Polimerle Plazmadaki Sitrüline Lizozimin Tutuklanarak Erken ve Etkin Bir Teflhis Yönteminin Gelifltirilmesi Projeyi Haz›rlayanlar : Adil Arca fiENEY - Cenk ‹brahim ÖZDEM‹R Okulu : Ankara Fen Lisesi - Ankara Dan›flman Ö¤retmen : Erdal K‹N‹R Girifl ve Amaç Romatoid Artrit (RA), eklemlerde meydana gelen, hareket zorlu¤u rahats›zl›klar›na ve organlarda iltihaplanmalara neden olan kronik bir hastal›kt›r. Bu nedenle, hastalar›n yaflam kalitesini yükseltmekte erken teflhis çok önemlidir. RA hastalar›nda plazmadaki lizozim de¤erlerinde art›fl bulunmufl ve sitrüline lizozimlere karfl› antikorlar›n varl›¤› keflfedilmifltir. Amac›m›z, RA hastalar›nda sitrüline lizozimin yüksek oranda bulunmas›ndan yararlanarak, sitrüline lizozimin hastal›¤›n erken ve etkin teflhisinde kullan›labilirli¤ini göstermektir. Materyal ve Metot Sitrüline lizozimin varl›¤›n›n tespiti için, çeflitli modifikasyonlar uygulanarak Yüzey Plazmon Rezonans (SPR) çipleri haz›rland›. Haz›rlanan SPR çiplerine, moleküler bask›lama teknolojisi uygulan›larak sadece sitrüline lizozimin ba¤lanabilece¤i bir polimer yüzeyi oluflturuldu. Yüzeyden, kontrol grubu olarak kullan›lan sa¤l›kl› plazmaya paralel lizozim çözeltisi ile hastal›kl› plazmaya paralel deney grubu lizozim çözeltisi geçirilerek yüzeyle ayr› ayr› etkilefltirildi. SPR cihaz›nda her örnek için sapma aç›lar› ölçüldü. Bulgular Çal›flmalardan elde edilen veriler do¤rultusunda, kontrol grubu çözeltisine oranla hastal›kl› lizozim çözeltisi geçirilen yüzeyde farkl› sapma aç›lar› oldu¤u tespit edildi. Çözelti yo¤unlu¤una ba¤l› olarak sapma aç›lar›ndaki farkl›l›klar›n de¤iflti¤i gözlemlendi. Sonuç ve Tart›flma Çal›flmalar›m›z›n sonucunda, sapma aç›lar›ndaki farkl›l›klar›n lizozim çözeltisinde oluflmas›, sitrüline lizozimin yüzeye ba¤land›¤›n› göstermektedir. Bu sayede RA teflhisinde %97 spesifik olan sitrüline lizozimin, etkili bir teflhis yöntemi olarak kullan›labilece¤i gösterilmifltir. Uygulamadan sonra SPR çip basit bir yöntemle geri kazan›lmakta ve ayn› amaçla yüksek verimle tekrar tekrar kullan›lmaktad›r. Ayr›ca bu yöntemin; insan sa¤l›¤› üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olan uyuflturucular›n kandan uzaklaflt›r›lmas›, zararl› kimyasallar›n ortamdan uzaklaflt›r›lmas›, tespit edilmesinde zorlan›lan eser miktardaki kimyasallar›n belirlenmesi, de¤erli kimyasallar›n yüksek verimle geri kazan›lmas› gibi genifl kullan›m alanlar› oluflturulabilir. 10 MEF ULUSAL VE ULUSLARARASI 21. ARAfiTIRMA PROJELER‹ YARIfiMASI Kaynaklar 1. AKIMITSU KUGIMIYA and TOSHIFUMI TAKEUCHI, “Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Detection of Sialic Acid”, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Cilt 16, say› 9-12, s. 1059-1062, Aral›k 2001 2. Dr. ALPER GÜMÜfi “Romatoid Artritli Hastalarda Vasküler Endotelial Büyüme Faktörü ve Anti Siklik Sitrülinlenmifl Protein Antikoru Seviyelerinin De¤erlendirilmesi” (Uzmanl›k Tezi), ‹stanbul, 2007 3. Dr. DERYA GÜLTEK‹N “Romatoid Artritli Hastalarda Accp (Anti-Cyclic citrullinated Pept›de) Düzeyleri” (Uzmanl›k Tezi), ‹stanbul, 2005 4. ERG‹N S., “Romatoid Artrit ve Sjögren Sendromu”, Fiziksel T›p ve Rehabilitasyon, Cilt 2, Günefl Kitabevi Ltd. fiti, Ankara, 2000 5. ERKUT YILMAZ, “Romatoid Artrit Tedavisine Yönelik Poli(HEMA-MAH) Adsorbentin Üretimi ve Dolgulu Kolon Dizayn›” (Uzmanl›k Tezi), Ankara, 2007 6. SCHELLEKENS GA, DE JONG BA, VAN DEN HOOGEN FH, VAN DE PUTTE LB, VAN VENROOIJ WJ., “Citrulline is an Essential Constituent of Antigenic Determinants Recognized by Rheumatoid Arthritis-spesific Autoantibodies”, J Clin Invest, say› 101, s. 273-281, 1998 7. NAKAMURA R.M. “Progress in The Use of Biochemical and Biological Markers for Evaluation of Rheumatoid Arthritis”, J.Clin.Lab.Anal., say› 14, s. 305-313, 2002 8. VAN BOEKEL MA, VOSSENAAR ER, VAN DEN HOOGEN FH, VAN VENROO WJ., “Autoantibody Systems in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Specificity, Sensitivity and Diagnostic Value”, Arthritis Res., say› 4, s. 87-93, 2002 9. SCHELLEKENS GA, VISSER H, DE JONG BAW, VAN DEN HOOGEN FH, HAZES JM, BREEDEVELD FC, VAN VENROOIJ WJ., “The Diagnostic Properties of Rheumatoid Arthritis Antibodies Recognizing Anti-cyclic Citrulinated Peptide”, Arthritis Rheum, say› 43, s. 155-163, 2000 10. MEHMET ODABASI, RIDVAN SAY and ADIL DENIZLI, “Molecular Imprinted Particles for Lysozyme Purification”, Materials Science and Engineering: C, Cilt 27, say› 1, s. 90-99, Ocak 2007 11. HUNG-YIN LIN, CHUNG-YI HSU, JAMES L. THOMAS, SHU-E WANG, HSIAO-CHI CHEN and TSECHUAN CHOU, “The Microcontact Imprinting of Proteins: The Effect of Cross-Linking Monomers for Lysozyme”, 11 K‹MYA PROJE ÖZET‹ (19. Araflt›rma Projeleri Yar›flmas› Kimya 1. si) Projenin Ad› : Çevre Dostu Ve Ekonomik Lif Üretimi Projeyi Haz›rlayanlar : Damla Didem AKYILDIZ Okulu : Ankara Fen Lisesi - Ankara Dan›flman Ö¤retmen : Erdal K‹N‹R Proje Özeti Lignoselülozik maddeleri lifsel hale dönüfltürmeden onlardan lif levha ve ka¤›t yap›lmas› olanaks›zd›r. Hammaddenin lifsel hale getirilmesi, bu amaca ulafl›lmas› için at›lmas› gereken ilk ad›md›r. Kimyasal hamur üretmede amaç odundaki lifleri bir arada tutan ve ço¤unlukla ligninden oluflan orta lameli kimyasal yolla çözerek (delignifikasyon=lignin giderme) lifleri bireysel hale getirmektir. Fakat kimyasal yöntemlerle ka¤›t üretiminde hem enerji tüketimi fazla olmakta hem de kullan›lan kimyasallar nedeni ile çevreye zararl› at›klar oluflmaktad›r. Ayn› flekilde termomekanik lif üretiminde de enerji tüketimi oldukça fazla olmaktad›r. Oysa biodelignifikasyon yöntemi ile çevreye verilen zarar ve tüketilen enerji miktar› azalmaktad›r. Bu projenin amac›; Ka¤›t ve MDF (liflevha) üretimine yönelik lif üretimindeki kimyasal madde kullan›m›n› ve enerji tüketimini azaltarak hem çevre kirlili¤ini en aza indirmek hem de ekonomik bir üretim gerçeklefltirmeye katk› sa¤lamakt›r. Ayr›ca, tüm bunlara ilave olarak liflendirme öncesinde yongalar üzerinde yenilebilir bir mantar üretimi sa¤lanarak ekonomiye katk›da bulunmakt›r. Bunun için Pleurotus ostreatus mantar› kullan›lm›flt›r. Bu amaçla yap›lan deneyler sonucunda, yongalardaki lignin oran›ndaki de¤iflim sürekli olarak düzenli bir azalma göstermifltir ki bu de¤er mantarlar›n odunda lignini tahrip etti¤ini göstermektedir. Ayr›ca, lignindeki ayr›flmaya paralel olarak bir odun örne¤indeki mantar tahribat›n›n en önemli göstergelerinden birisi olan %1 NaOH çözünürlük de¤erlerinde de sürekli olarak düzenli bir art›fl gerçekleflmifltir. Bunlar, çal›flman›n amac›na ulaflt›¤›n›n birer kan›t›d›r. Ayr›ca, tüm bu olumlu sonuçlar yan›nda mantar üretimi de projenin baflka bir ç›kt›s›n› oluflturmaktad›r. Bu proje sonucunda hem yenilebilen bir mantar üretilerek ekonomik gelir sa¤lanacak, hem ka¤›t hamuru ve lif üretiminde daha az enerji kullan›m› sa¤lanacak hem de çevreye daha az zarar vererek ka¤›t ve lif üretimi gerçeklefltirilmifl olacakt›r. Bu çal›flman›n sonuçlar›, projenin uygulamaya adapte edilmesi ile ülke ekonomisi, çevre kirlili¤i ve enerji tüketimi aç›s›ndan büyük katk›lar sa¤lanaca¤› göstermektedir ve umut vericidir. 12 MEF ULUSAL VE ULUSLARARASI 21. ARAfiTIRMA PROJELER‹ YARIfiMASI K‹MYA PROJE ÖZET‹ (20. Araflt›rma Projeleri Yar›flmas› Kimya 1. si) Projenin Ad› : Antibadi Saflaflt›r›lmas› ‹çin Ekonomik Bir Model: Moleküler Bask›lanm›fl Is›ya Duyarl› Ak›ll› Polimerler Projeyi Haz›rlayanlar : Furkan ÇET‹N - Kemal ‹NEC‹K Okulu : Özel Samanyolu Fen Lisesi - Ankara Dan›flman Ö¤retmen : Zeynel Abidin BÜTÜNER Girifl ve Amaç Antibadileri flu ana kadarki olimpiyat (TÜB‹TAK 18. Ulusal Bilim Olimpiyatlar› Kimya Dal› Gümüfl Madalya) ve lise çal›flmalar›m›zdan dolay› biliyorduk. Kandaki antibadilerin % 75-80'ini ‹mmunoglobulin G (IgG) oluflturmaktad›r. ‹mmünglobulinler (=Antikorlar) antijenik uyar›m sonucu B-lenfositlerin de¤iflimi ile oluflan plazma hücreleri taraf›ndan sentezlenirler. Antikorlar kimyasal, fiziksel ve immünolojik olarak incelendiklerinde aralar›nda önemli farkl›l›klar bulundu¤u saptanm›flt›r. Bu farkl›l›klar antikor moleküllerinin karbonhidrat miktarlar›, elektroforez h›zlar›, molekül a¤›rl›klar›, aminoasit yap›lar›, tafl›d›klar› H(=a¤›r) polipeptid zinciri tipi gibi özelliklere dayanmaktad›r. Buna göre de birbirinden farkl› befl ayr› özellikte immünglobulin grubu ayr›lm›fl ve ‹mmünglobulin G (IgG), ‹mmünglobulin A (IgA), ‹mmünglobulin M (IgM), Immünglobulin D (IgD), Immünglobulin E (IgE) olarak adland›r›lm›fllard›r. ‹mmünglobulinler glukoprotein yap›s›ndad›rlar ve yaklafl›k %90'› polipeptid, %10'u karbonhidratt›r Bir Ig molekülü elektron mikroskopta incelendi¤inde Y harfi fleklinde görülür. Ig'ler globulin yap›s›nda protein olduklar›na göre, polipeptid zincirlerinden meydana gelmifllerdir. Monomer (= bir temel birim) den oluflan IgG molekülünde iki çeflit polipeptid zinciri vard›r ve her bir çeflitten ikifler adet bulunmaktad›r • Hafif zincir = L zinciri (L = Light = Hafif): Molekül a¤›rl›¤› daha az olan k›sa zincirlerdir. K (kappa) ve (lambda) olmak üzere iki tipi vard›r. Her iki tip L zinciri de tüm Ig çeflitlerinde bulunabilir. Ancak bir Ig molekülündeki iki k›sa zincirin tipi ayn›d›r ve birbirine özdefltir, biri di¤erinden farkl› olmaz. Bir antikor molekülünde her iki tip L zinciri beraber bulunmaz. • A¤›r zincir = H zinciri (H = Heavy = A¤›r): Molekül a¤›rl›¤› fazla olan, uzun zincirlerdir. Befl Ig çeflidinin de H zincirleri birbirinden farkl› yap›dad›r. Bunlar s›ras›yla flöyle isimlendirilir. IgG (gamma) H zinciri IgM (mü) H zinciri IgA (alfa) H zinciri IgD (delta) H zinciri IgE (epsilon) H zinciri Yukar›da da yap›s›ndan genifl olarak sözünü etti¤imiz IgG moleküllü Y harfi fleklinde, monomer yap›da ve 150.000 molekül a¤›rl›¤›ndad›r. Eriflkinde 100 ml. serumda 1000 mgr IgG bulunur. IgG molekülünde bulunan 2 tane Fab parças›na iki antijen ba¤lanabilir. Bu nedenle IgG iki de¤erlidir. Buradan hareketle; ‹nsan ve hayvan kan›ndan, oldukça fazla kullan›lan ve oldukça pahal› olan antibadi, saflaflt›r›lmas› için daha ekonomik yeni bir yöntem olarak makro gözenekli polimer kolon haz›rlanmas› ve karakterize edilmesi; böylece ülkemiz ekonomisine katk› sa¤lamak amaçlanmaktay›z. 13 Materyal ve Metot Çal›flma Yöntemi sekiz ana basamaktan oluflmaktad›r: 1. Polimerin yap›s›na katmak istedi¤imiz histidini monomer haline getirmek için Metakroilamidohistidin (MAH) monomeri sentezlendi. 2. Haz›rlanan MAH monomeriyle NIPA monomeri, Metilen bisakrilamit çapraz ba¤lay›c›s›, amonyumpersülfat (APS) bafllat›c›s› ve N,N,N,N-Tetrametilendiamin (TEMED) h›zland›r›c›s›yla -20 derecelik etanol kriyostad›nda polimerimizi sentezledik. 3. Sentezledi¤imiz p(NIPA-MAH) polimerimizin (LCST)si Low Critical Solution Temperature SAXS la 34°C olarak belirlendi ve 34°C’nin üstünde ve alt›ndaki s›cakl›klarda fliflme davran›fllar› belirlendi. Ayn› zamanda nonoyap›lar ve s›cakl›k davran›fllar›da SAXS la ayd›nlat›ld›. FT-IR Spektrofotometresiyle (Perkin Elmer SpctrumOne, Nicolet 520) yap›s› do¤ruland›, Taramal› Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM) (Düflük Gerilim Elektron Mikroskobu, LVEM5) ile makro gözenekli yap›s› görüntülenerek karakterize edildi. 4. p(NIPA-MAH) polimeriyle IgG saflaflt›rma deneyleri ilk olarak sadece IgG'li çözeltiyle ve daha sonra kandaki proteinlerin oran›nda çözelti haz›rlanmas›ya peristaltik pompa ile sürekli sistemde yap›ld›. 5. ‹lk deney için elde edilen sonuçlar UV-Visible Spektrofotometresiyle (ShimadzuUV-1601) 280 nm dalgaboyunda kontrol edildi. ‹kinci deney (yani saflaflt›rma) için SDS PAGE jel elektroforeziyle kontrol gerçeklefltirildi. 6. Tam olarak istedi¤imiz sonucu elde edemememiz üzerine moleküler bask›lama yöntemini kullanmak için girifl k›sm›nda anlatt›¤›m›z ön kompleks, polimerizasyon, hedef molekülü uzaklaflt›rma ifllemlerini yapt›k. 7. 4. ve 5. Basamaklar›n tekrarlanmas›yla yeni sonuçlar›m›z› elde ettik. 8. Maliyet hesab› da yaparak yöntemin ekonomik durumunu kontrol ettik. Sonuç ve Tart›flma IgG antikoru bask›lanmam›fl olan›n IgG yi do¤al ortam›ndan 63mg, IgG antikoru bask›lanm›fl olan›n ise 86mg IgG yi adsorplad›¤› tespit edilmifltir. Polimer taraf›ndan tutunan IgG ler + 4ºC s›cakl›kdaki 100 ml 1M NaCl çözeltisi yard›m› ile %97 oran›nda geri kazan›lm›flt›r. Bask›lanmam›fl kiyojelde ise safl›k oran› %90 bulunmufltur. Bask›lanm›fl kriyojeldeyse saflaflt›rma baflar›yla gerçekleflmifltir. 14 MEF ULUSAL VE ULUSLARARASI 21. ARAfiTIRMA PROJELER‹ YARIfiMASI Kaynaklar 1. Organik Kimya, Solomons 2. A.Denizli Protein Kromatografisi ve Yeni Nesil Polimerik Sistemler 3. El-Kak,A., Manjini,S., Vijayalakshmi,M.A., (1992) Interaction of immunoglobulin G with immobilized histidine: mechanistic and kinetic aspects, Journal of Chromotography A, say› 604,sayfa 29-37 4. Huang, P.Y., Carbonell, G.R., (1999) Affinity chromatographic screening of soluble combinatorial peptide libraries, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Say› 63, sayfa 633-641 5. Herak, D.C., Merrill, E.W., (1990), Affinity Cross-Flow Filtration: Some New Aspects, Biotechnology Progress, Say› 6, sayfa 33-40 6. Vijayalakshm›, A., Nedonchelle, E., Pitiot, O,. (2000) A Preliminary Study for Isolation of Catalytic Antibodies by Histidine Ligand Affinity Chromotography, as an Alternative to Conventional Protein A/G Methods, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Say› 83, Sayfa 287-295 7. Vijayalakshmi A., Kamalanathan, A.S., (2007) Puri_cation of oligouronides by immobilized l- histidine pseudoaffnity chromatography, Journal of Chromatography B, 23 June 2007 8. El-Kak, A., Vijayalakshmi, M.A., 1991, J. Chromatogr: Biomedical Applications, 570, 29-41. 9. El-Kak, A., and Vijayalakshmi, M.A., 1992, J. Chromatogr. B, 604, 29-37. 10. Fassina, G., Ruvo, M., Palombo, G., Verdoliva, A., Marino, M., 2001, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 49, 481-490. 11. Füglistaller, P., 1989, J. Immunol. Methods, 124, 171-7. 12. Hasnaoui, M., Debbia, M., Cochet, S., Cartron, J.P., Lambin, P., Bertrand, O., 1997, J. of Chromatogr. A, 766, 49-60. 13. Herak, D.C. and Merrill, E.W., 1990, Biotechnol. Prog., 6, 33. 14. Hjorth, R., 1997, Trends Biotechnol., 15, 230-235. 15. Huang, P.Y., and Carbonell, R.G., 1999, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 63, 633-641. 16. Say, R., Garipcan, B., Emir, S., Pat›r, S., Denizli, A., Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 287(8) 539-545, 2002. 15 B‹YOLOJ‹ PROJE ÖZET‹ (18. Araflt›rma Projeleri Yar›flmas› Biyoloji 1. si) Projenin Ad› : Glutatyon Peroksidaz Enziminin In S›l›co Analizi: ”Biyoinformatik Yaklafl›m” Projeyi Haz›rlayanlar : Melike KAZAK Okulu : Özel TAKEV Fen Lisesi-‹zmir Dan›flman Ö¤retmen : Funda SEMENDERO⁄LU Girifl ve Amaç Biyoinformatik, genom projesi kapsam›nda ortaya ç›kan; moleküler biyoloji ,biyokimya, t›p, genetik, bilgisayar mühendisli¤i ve istatistik gibi bilim dallar›n› yap›s›nda bar›nd›ran multidisipliner bir bilim dal›d›r. Biyoinformatik, genomics ve proteomics projeleri sonucunda ortaya ç›kan binlerce aminoasit ve DNA dizinim sonuçlar›n›n oldukça h›zl› bir flekilde karfl›laflt›r›lmas›n› sa¤lamaktad›r. Materyal ve Metot Sunulan projede, önemli bir antioksidan sistem enzimi olan glutatyon peroksidaz enziminin insan metabolizmas›nda yer alan izoformlar›n›n saptanmas›, de¤iflik izoformlar›n aminoasit frekans farklar›, filogenetik akrabal›klar›, aktif merkez yap›lar›, her bir izoformun biyokimyasal özellikleri, üç boyutlu yap› içerisindeki katlanmam›fl bölgeleri, bu izoform enzimlerin hangi kromozomlarda yer ald›¤› ve baz› canl› gruplar›nda yer alan ayn› enzimin aminoasit dizinim benzerlikleri gibi araflt›rma sorular›n›n in silico analizi yap›lm›flt›r. Bulgular Proje sonuçlar›na göre, izoformlar ayn› biyokimyasal reaksiyonu katalizlemelerine ra¤men moleküler yap›lar›nda oldukça ciddi farkl›l›klar saptanm›flt›r. Sonuç ve Tart›flma Projenin en önemli ç›kt›lar›ndan bir tanesi de GPX-1 enziminin 198.pozisyonundaki aminoasitin Prolin yerine Lösin olmas› kanser riskinin art›fl› ile. Toplumumuzda kanserin önceden tespitine yönelik, GPX1 enziminin saflaflt›r›l›p, 198.pozisyonunun saptanmas› toplum sa¤l›¤›na yönelik önemli katk›lar sa¤layabilir. Sunulan proje, Türkiye'deki ilk biyoinformatik projesi olma bak›m›ndan orjinallik içermektedir. Kaynaklar • European Bioinformatics Institute, www.ebi.ac.uk • Swiss Bioinformatics Institute, www.expasy.ch 16 MEF ULUSAL VE ULUSLARARASI 21. ARAfiTIRMA PROJELER‹ YARIfiMASI B‹YOLOJ‹ PROJE ÖZET‹ (19. Araflt›rma Projeleri Yar›flmas› Biyoloji 1. si) Projenin Ad› : ‹nsektisit'in Salmo Turutta Macrostigma (DUMER‹L 1858) Üzerindeki Genotoksik Etkisinin Eritrosit Mikronükleus Testi ile Belirlenmesi Projeyi Haz›rlayanlar : Burcu DEM‹R - Sinem GÜLfiEN Okulu : Mu¤la Anadolu Lisesi - Mu¤la Dan›flman Ö¤retmen : Mehmet Ali ONARAN Girifl ve Amaç Bu çal›flmada organofosforlu insektisitlerden biri olan chlorpyrifos ethyl'in Salmo trutta macrostigma üzerindeki genotoksik etkisinin belirlenmesi için eritrosit mikronukleus testi kullan›lm›flt›r. Çal›flmada 96 saat süreyle 125, 150, 175, 200 ve 225 ppm'lik dozlarda chlorpyrifos ethyl'e maruz b›rak›lan 24 adet S.trutta macrostigma bireyinin eritrositlerinde mikronukleus oluflum frekanslar› hesaplanm›flt›r. Sonuçta en yüksek mikronukleus frekans› %2.19 ile 225 ppm'lik doza maruz b›rak›lan S. trutta macrostigma bireylerinde tespit edilmifl ve doz art›fl›na ba¤l› olarak mikronukleuslu eritrosit say›s›nda artma oldu¤u gözlenmifltir. Materyal ve Metod - Pestisitin Uygulanmas› S. trutta macrostigma örnekleri, 80 x 35 x 45 cm ebatlar›nda olan ve daha önceki çal›flmalara dayan›larak belirlenen 125, 150, 175, 200 ve 225 ppm'lik dozlarda organofosforlu bir insektisit olan chlorpyrifos ethyl (0,0-diethyl 0-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate) ihtiva eden akvaryumlara al›narak 96 saat süreyle insektisite maruz b›rak›lm›fllard›r. - Preparatlar›n ‹ncelenmesi Preparatlar haz›rland›ktan sonra binoküler ›fl›k mikroskobu alt›nda eritrositlerdeki mikronukleus say›mlar› için tarama ifllemine tabi tutulmufllard›r. Her bir preparatta 1000 tane eritrosit taranarak, bunlar›n sitoplazmas› içerisinde ana nukleus yan›nda küçük mikronukleuslar içeren eritrositler kaydedilmifltir. Bulgular Yap›lan say›mlar sonucunda uygulanan insektisit doz art›fl›na ba¤l› olarak mikronukleuslu eritrosit frekans›nda art›fl oldu¤u saptanm›flt›r. Buna göre kontrol grubunda belirlenen mikronukleuslu eritrosit frekans› %0.06 iken 225 ppm'lik doz grubunda bu say›n›n %2.19'a yükseldi¤i ve doz art›fl› ile birlikte mikronukleuslu eritrosit say›s› aras›nda giderek artan bir iliflkinin oldu¤u görülmüfltür. Yap›lan istatisti¤i de¤erlendirmelerde ise bal›klara uygulanan doz gruplar› aras›ndaki farkl›l›klar›n anlaml› oldu¤u (P<0,0001) gözlenmifltir. Sonuç ve Tart›flma Bu çal›flmada Eflen Çay› etraf›ndaki ova bölgesi olarak bilinen tar›m arazilerinde ve seralarda en çok kullan›lan organofosforlu insektisitlerden biri olan chlorpyrifos ethyl'in uygulanan dozlar› Salmo trutta macrostigma'y› genotoksik bir etki yapt›¤› eritrosit MN testi ile saptanm›flt›r. Akuatik ortamlardaki toksik maddelerin genotoksik etkileri hakk›nda daha kolay ve ucuz bir yöntemle bilgi sa¤lanacakt›r. 17 Kaynaklar 1. Al-Sabti, K., Metcalfe, C.D. 1995. Fish Micro-nuclei for Assesing Genotoxicity in Water. Mutat. Res.,343 pp. 121-135.. 2. Al-Sabti, K. 1994. Micronuclei Induced By Selenium, Mercury, Methyl Mercury and Their Mixtures in Binucleated Blocked Fish Erythrocyte Cells. Mutat. Res.320 pp. 157-163. 3. Al-Sabti, K. 1992. Monitoring The Genotoxicity of Radiocontaminants in Swedish Lakes By Fish Micronuclei. Cytobios 70, pp 101-106. 4. Al-Sabti, K. 1991. Handbook of Genotoxic Effects and Fish Chromosomes. Josef Stephan ‹nstitute Press. Ljubjina Slovenia pp.230. 5. Bahari, I.B.,Noor, F.M., Daud, M.N. 1994. Micronucleated Erythrocytes as an Assay to Assess Actions By Physisal Genotoxic Agents in Clarias gariepinus. Mutat. Res. 313 pp. 1-5. 6. Burgeot, T., His, E., Galgani F. 1995. The Micronucleus Assay in Crassostera gigas for The Detection of Seawater Genotoxicity. Mutat. Res. 342 pp, 125-140. 7. Elaz›¤ Tar›m ‹l Müdürlü¤ü. 2004. 2004 Y›l› Program›na Göre Yönetimli Çiftçi Pestisit Mücadele ‹htiyaç Listesi. 8. Heddle,E., et all.. 1983. The Induction of Micro-nuclei as a measure of Genotoxicity. Mutat. Res.,123pp. 61-118. 9. Karacan, A.R. 2007. Çevre Ekonomisi ve Politi-kas›. Ege Üni.. Yay›nlar›. No. 6,‹zmir. 10. Kocabatmaz,M., Ekingen,G. 1984. De¤iflik Tür Bal›klarda Kan Örne¤i Al›nmas› ve Hematolojik Metodlar›n Standardizasyonu. Do¤a Bil. Der., Seri D1, 8(2), 149-159. 11. Majone, F.,et all.. 1990. Induction of Micro-nuclei by Mitomycin C and Colchicine in the Marine Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mutat. Res. 244 pp,147-151. 12. Minisi, S., Ciccotti, E., Rizzoni, M. 1996. Micronucleus Test in Erythrocytes of Barbus plebejus (Teleostei, Pisces) From Two Natural Environments: A Bioassay For The in-Situ Dedection of Mutagenesis in Freshwater. Mutat. Res. 367pp. 245-251. 13. Poongothai, K., Shayin, S., Usharani, V. 1996. Induction of Micronuclei in Fish By Polluted Water and Heavy Metals. Cytobios 86 pp. 17-22. 18 MEF ULUSAL VE ULUSLARARASI 21. ARAfiTIRMA PROJELER‹ YARIfiMASI B‹YOLOJ‹ PROJE ÖZET‹ (20. Araflt›rma Projeleri Yar›flmas› Biyoloji 1. si) Projenin Ad› : Drosophila melanogaster' in yaflam döngüsünün 3 evresinde (EmbriyoLarva -Ergin) Y kromozomu etkinli¤inin araflt›r›lmas›. Projeyi Haz›rlayanlar : Berflan ÖZCAN Okulu : Ankara Fen Lisesi-Ankara Dan›flman Ö¤retmen : Murat SARIZ Girifl ve Amaç Drosophila melanogaster'in Y kromozomu cinsiyet üzerinde etkili de¤ildir, çok fazla intron içerir ve k›sa kod dizilerine sahip birkaç gen tafl›r. Yap›lan baz› araflt›rmalar›n Y kromozomu tafl›mayan Drosophila melanogaster organizmalar›n›n da belli bir süre yaflayabildi¤ini göstermesi Y kromozomlar›n›n yaflam döngüsünün her evresinde transkripsiyona u¤ramad›¤›n› düflündürmektedir. Bu çal›flmada organizman›n Y kromozomlar› üzerindeki mevcut genlerin transkripsiyona u¤ray›p u¤ramad›¤› ve yaflam döngüsünün embriyo, larva, ergin gibi evrelerinin hangilerinde etkin oldu¤u araflt›r›lm›flt›r. Materyal ve Metot Drosophila melanogaster'in yaflam döngüsündeki embriyo, larva ve ergin evrelerinin her biri için DNA izolasyonu, ters transkripsiyon, PCR ve jel elektroforezi prosedürleri uyguland›. Bulgular • Su(Ste) ve psi3'ün Drosophila melanogaster'in larva ve ergin dönemlerinde Y marker olarak kullan›labilece¤i tespit edildi. • Su(ste) için en iyi PCR metodu tan›mland›: Birinci içerik ve 62 0C s›cakl›k • Embriyo üzerinde yap›lan deneyler en iyi PCR metodu ve erginlerde en iyi çal›flan Su(Ste) primeri ile tekrarland›. Buna ra¤men Y kromozomu üzerindeki genlerin ifadesi embriyolarda gözlemlenemedi. • Y kromozomu bulunmayan Drosophila melanogasterler'in embriyonik geliflimlerini nas›l tamamlayabildi¤ini aç›klayabilme imkân› bulunmufltur. • Y kromozomu olmayan bireylerin yaflamlar›n›n k›sa sürmesinin nedeni ise, Y kromozomuna ihtiyac›n organizma gelifltikçe artmas›d›r: Larva ve erginlerde Y kromozomu etkinli¤i aç›kça görülmüfltür. Sonuç ve Tart›flma Test deneylerinde sadece 3 primerin çal›flt›¤› görülebildi. Gelecekte yap›lacak deneylerde her primer için PCR'da çok say›da s›cakl›k ve içerik denenerek, Y marker olarak kullan›labilecek daha fazla say›da primer bulunabilir. Embriyo deneyleri farkl› primerler ve PCR içerikleri kullan›larak farkl› PCR s›cakl›klar›nda tekrar yap›labilir. 19 Kaynaklar 1. Bernardo Lemos, et al. . 4 Ocak 2008. Polymorphic Y Chromosomes Harbor Cryptic Variation with Manifold Functional Consequences . Science 319-91 2. Ashburner M, Thompson JN. 1978. "The laboratory culture of Drosophila" In Ashburner M, Wright TRF. The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila. 2A. Academic Press. 1-81 3. Spring 2008. More on Sexual Differences in Drosophila melanogaster. “Introduction to Biological Sciences Lab” at Vanderbilt University www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bsci111b/drosophila/sexual-differences.htm (01/072009) 20 21 MEF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECTS CONTEST Science Support Platform SPECIFICATIONS FOR RESEARCH PROJECTS CONTEST 1. MEF Educational Institutions has been organizing “Research Projects Contest” among the high school level students for twenty years in order to support the science education in Turkey, to motivate the students who are capable in this area to perform scientific research and enable them to be grown up as the “Scientists of the Future” 2. All the students of high schools from Turkey and abroad and giving an education based on the primary school education can take part in the contest. 3. A separate contest shall be organized exclusively for international projects. 4. The research projects shall be prepared in Physics, Chemistry, Biology branches. 5. The projects should have a scientific research characteristic, be original and not have been taken part in any other contest. The projects that do not meet these cri-teria shall be eliminated at the application stage. (The project owners and the guide teachers shall be responsible for the originality of the projects). 6. A student can take part in the contest with only one project. The projects can be prepared by a single student or a group (maximum 2 students and 1 teachers). (The awards shall be given to the project without taking the number of the people into consideration). 7. The Project Application Forms to be filled by the students applying the contests shall be sent to the mailing address of MEF Educational Institutions or e-mailed to proje@mef.k12.tr together with their annexes after they are signed by the relevant school management to be delivered to our school no later than 24 February 2012. The applications after the deadline shall not be accepted. 8. The projects shall be evaluated by a jury consists of the academicians from the universities. 9. The jury shall have the right to change the scientific branch of the project on the basis of the project content. For example if the content of a project sent for chemis-try branch is dominant with biology, this project shall be evaluated under biology branch. 10. The owners of the projects that are chosen to be exhibited shall be informed about the date and place of the exhibition to be held in April in Istanbul. 11. The exhibition arrangements (supplying the tables and the stands) shall be made by MEF Educational Institutions.The materials required to be used for the pro-jects should be notified to the Project Contest Coordination Office via the tele-phones assigned for this purposes and negative / positive confirmation should be obtained. 12. Teachers and students coming from abroad, are responsible for their round-trip flight fees. 13. The accommodation expenditures during the exhibition (on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday) for the contestants from other cities and abroad shall be paid by our institution. The room arrangement in the accommodation plan is for 2 or 3 persons. This plan is made on the basis of the information forms filled and send by you. 22 MEF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 21st RESEARCH PROJECTS CONTEST 14. The meals during the exhibition period - the breakfasts and lunches-shall be supplied by our institution. The dinners shall be paid by you (except the evening organizations). 15. The students who get the first, second and third places and encouragement awards and their project guide teachers shall also be awarded with money at the amounts stated below and certificate of success and memory plackets shall be given to all the students, teacher and/or school managements taking part in the contest. 16. Besides this “jury special awards” shall be given to a number of projects deemed suitable by the jury. PLACE FIRST PLACE SECOND PLACE THIRD PLACE ENCOURAGEMENT PRIZE JURY SPECIAL PRIZE STUDENT PRIZE 1,300 $ 1,100 $ 1.000 $ 800 $ 600 $ TEACHER PRIZE 1,300 $ 1,100 $ 1.000 $ 800 $ 600 $ For detailed information: Tel: (0212) 287 69 00 Fax: (0212) 257 90 95 E-mail: proje@mef.k12.tr Web sitesi: www.mef.k12.tr Application address: MEF Education Campus Ulus Mah. Öztopuz Cad. Leylak Sok. 34340 Ulus-Befliktafl / ‹stanbul 23 MEF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 21st RESEARCH PROJECTS CONTEST AMONG THE HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS MEF Educational Institutions holds the 21st Traditional RESEARCH PROJECTS CONTEST among the high school level students in Turkey. As it is already known, this contest which attracts great interest and appreciation is held on PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY and BIOLOGY categories. In this organization, MEF Educational Institutions aims to encourage the capable and eager high school students that shall create the Turkey of tomorrow to study on the basic and applied sciences. The application deadline (24 February 2012) is stated in the application and evaluation forms sent to your school. The high school students who want to take part in the contest shall fill in the application and evaluation forms before the deadline and sent them to our school after having them approved by their school management. The applications shall be examined by a jury consists of the academicians from several universities and the projects to be exhibited shall be determined. STAND ARRANGEMENT The main purpose of the exhibition is to demonstrate and explain the project work to the visitors of the exhibition. For this purpose, MEF Educational Institutions shall give a 100 x 140 cm table and a 100 x 140 cm board to the students. The students shall exhibit the experimental arrangements or application models on the table and the project report written in A4 papers shall be exhibited on the board. EVALUATION The jury members shall evaluate the projects by visiting the exhibition and having inter-views with the students. The evaluations shall be gathered by the MEF Educational Institutions contest execution board. The execution board shall determine the ranking on the basis of the average of the marks given for each project and prepare the list to de-termine the students who win the prizes. The Project Contest Coordination shall announce the winners on the basis of this list. The prizes for these students and the certificate of achievements for all the students taking part in the exhibition shall be given to them with a ceremony to be held in the exhibition hall. SCIENCE SUPPORT PLATFORM In the previous years, some students from the schools away from the big centers and the universities said that they had difficulties to find the materials to be used in their projects and they couldn't take part in the projects due to these differences and they needed support. The business world and the entrepreneurs have created a human resource in order to support our students and guide teachers who suffer from such difficulties. In this way our students shall not encounter this kind of problems any more. The essential duty of the Science Support Platform is to support the students and the teachers suffering from such problems and bring the business world and the entrepre-neurs in order to support the scientists of the future and have solutions for their prob-lems. 24 MEF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 21st RESEARCH PROJECTS CONTEST This platform operates in a very simple way: - The high schools inform us about their needs for their contest project by filling a demand form with a proposal of the guide teacher/teachers and the approval of the school management. - When we receive the demand, our coordination office makes and evaluation. - The demands that are deemed suitable shall be shared with a science-friendly platform member. - After that our member shall contact with the school and meet their demand on the basis of the information obtained from our coordination office and demand form. - The contest coordination office is informed about the result. WHAT IS SCIENCE AND SCIENTIFIC WORK? Science is the set of knowledge that has been accumulated regularly by the human being since the first ages. This knowledge is a result of the works of human being per-formed in order to understand themselves and everything surrounding them and to ex-plain the events happening around them. Lots of scientists from different parts of the world have had contributions to science and these contributions shall continue in the future. On the basis of the science which can be defined as “the result of the joint work of several scientists” lay the ability to think, creativ-ity and systematic work of human beings. HOW IS SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PERFORMED? 1. The research subject is determined. 2. The previous works on this subject are examined. 3. Pre-experiments are made in order to observe the event to be searched and the experiment methods and experiments to be performed are planned. 4. The data obtained from the experiment is arranged. 5. It is checked if there is a meaningful relationship among the arranged data. 6. Hypotheses are established under the light of the findings. 7. The meaningful relations found are examined and specific conclusions are ob-tained. 8. The results and findings obtained are recorded in the written form in order transfer to the scientists and future generations. 25 HOW SHOULD THE PROJECT REPORT BE WRITTEN? Project report on your research subject is one of the most significant steps in your project work. Project report is recording the results of the observations, experiments and meas-urements and demonstrating the obtained results in written format. In this way the infor-mation you obtained at the end of your work shall be saved and transferred to the others and the future generations. Furthermore, please keep in mind that your project report shall have a significant role in the evaluation of your work. Therefore, while writing your report, you should give a great care both in writing and content. Please avoid from extending your report with unnecessary extensions and repetitions. Write your report in the following format Project Title It shall be written shortly and briefly in a single sentence and give and idea about the project work. Introduction and Purpose In this part, give information about your work and talk about the previous works per-formed on this subject. State the different aspects of your work than the previous ones and write your goals in this project work clearly. Methodology In this part write the followings clearly and briefly: - The method employed in the project work - Materials and measurement tools employed - Experiments performed - How the controlled experiments have been performed - Data collection and statistical analysis methods - Your observations - Calculations made to draw the graphs Conclusion and Discussions In this part, write the results obtained from the project work. This is the most important part in your report. Your findings might be numeric values, mathematical equations or verbal expressions. Please express your numeric results in the form of graphs and draw-ings as much as possible (the findings should be in compliance with the international unit systems). While discussing your findings, define the validity limitations and if there are any reasons affecting the results negatively please explain them. Compare your own findings with the findings of the previous works on this subject. State the level of achievement to reach your project goals. Talk about the further research that can be performed in the same subject and make proposals for those interested in the subject. 26 MEF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 21st RESEARCH PROJECTS CONTEST References Referring the sources for the scientific research is both a requirement of the science ethics and a proof for the validity and reliability of the basis of the work. The aims of referring the sources for a scientific research are given under the title of “Why the sources are used in a scientific study? WHY THE SOURCES ARE USED IN A SCIENTIFIC STUDY? The sources should be employed in scientific studies for the following reasons: 1. To show the contribution of the researcher by giving the sources and respect the right of the real owners of this knowledge, 2. To support the opinions and/or the findings of the researcher, 3. To enable the reader to check the reliability and validity of the knowledge sub-mitted to the reader, 4. To offer new sources to those who want to carry out further research on the same subject. While referring 1the sources, the information about the source should be correct and complete. HOW SHOULD YOU REFER THE SOURCES EMPLOYED IN YOUR WORK? When you refer to a book; Name and surname of the writer (or the Initial of his name and point), name of the book, if exists the name and surname of the arranger, preparer or translator, edition number, publisher, place and year of publish should be given. For example: • GÜNDÜZ T., Quantitative Analysis Course book, Ankara University, Faculty of Science Publishers, Ankara, 1975 • BRAUN, R.D. Introduction to Instrumental Analysis, Mc Graw Hill Book Co. New York, 1987. • MAHAN, B.H. University Chemistry, Translated by C. fienvar and E. Edgüer, 5th edition, Hacettpe University Publications, Ankara,1989. When you refer to an article Name and surname of the writer (or the Initial of his name and point), name of the article, Name of the Magazine (the full name or if exists the international abbreviation), Volume No, Issue No, first and last pages of the articles Year should be given. For example: • SMITH MA, “The Nature of Distribution Functions for Colliding Systems” Journal of Chemical Education, Volume 7, Issue 3, pp 218-223, 1993 When you refer to an article in any publishing: • D‹NÇKAYA E. “Alginate peroxides immobilization” IX. Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Symposium Paper Summary Book, KTU Faculty of Arts and Science Publications, p 397, Trabzon, 1993. 27 PROJECT SUMMARY FOR PHYSICS (First Place in Physics - 18th Research Projects Contest) Project Title : Coded Wireless Data Transfer for Long Distances Project Owners : Sarp KAYA - Can SELÇ‹K School : Özel ‹zmir Amerikan Koleji - ‹zmir Guide Teacher : Oktay ÜNAL Introduction and Purpose 21st century introduced some new challenges for mankind along with the improvements in technology. For example, some costly solutions devised by telecommunications com-panies developing in terms of infrastructure and growing more speedy can reach settle-ments with insufficient infrastructure either very late or not reach at all. To that end, tele-communications companies could prefer wireless infrastructure to eliminate the problems caused by long distances and therefore introduce affordable infrastructure to settlement with problematic or no infrastructure. Methodology The present project serves not only to ensure that companies form connection by and between themselves but also to transfer internet, telephone, and even television broad-casts to a settlement with insufficient infrastructure. That, in turn, makes it possible for villages far from city center connect to the outside world. Besides, costs are lower than the prices of those requiring fiber optic cable use (such as termination devices, not in-cluding fiber optic cable). Findings The project was carried out successfully between Karatafl (Point A) - Maviflehir (Point B) situated in two separate sides of Izmir. The speed test conducted proved that it was at the last point of 802.11b technology, which means that it was around 450 KB/sn. The speed stated in Wi-Fi technology refers to Reception + Delivery speed. If point A is connected to point B, point should deliver whenever point A receives. That is, the Reception + Delivery Speed is approximately 9000KB/sn which is close 11 Mbps speed 28 MEF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 21st RESEARCH PROJECTS CONTEST PROJECT SUMMARY FOR PHYSICS (First Place in Physics - 19th Research Projects Contest) Project Title : Synthesis of Three or Four-Component Semiconductor Nanocrystals such as CuInSe2, CuGaSe2, and Cu(InGa) and analysis of their use potentials as New Generation Solar Bat-teries Project Owners : ‹dil ÖZDAMAR School : ‹zmir Özel Fatih Fen Lisesi - ‹zmir Guide Teacher : Ümit KARACA Introduction and Purpose The efficiency of silicon solar batteries is 5% whereas the efficiency could increase up to 7-12% in cadmium solar batteries. Yet, cadmium has negative effects on environment. This project aims to synthesize suitable compositions to employed in new generation solar batteries and evaluate their electrical characteristics with a view to identifying the potential to use them in solar batteries. Methodology Semiconductors composed of two or three components such as CuInSe2 have a great potential as photo-voltaic cells due to the fact that they have low toxic effects and high transformational efficiency. CuInSe2, CuGaSe2, Cu(InGa)Se2 semiconductor nanocrystals were synthesized in order to acquire solar batteries with low toxic effects and high effi-ciency in this study. Surface and dimension characteristics were studied through the analysis of SEM, AFM, and SAX analyses. The changes as to their conductivity were also analyzed through making a comparison as to resistance under darkness, UVB, and mercurycontaining lamp after they were wrapped in copper sheets. Findings The resistance values of samples were measured through flow-voltage measurements from two different points. When CuInSe2, CuGaSe2 veCuInGaSe2 is subjected to light by using UVB lamp, the resistance decreased exponentially with the duration, which means that the conductivity increased. The most efficient results were observed in CuInSe2. The results of the measurements through mercury-containing lamp confirmed those acquired through the use of that other light source. Discussions Finally, electrical properties of CuInSe2, CuGaSe2 veCu(InGa)Se2 were analyzed along with the test results. CuInSe2 turned out to be the most suitable substance to be used in solar batteries. The tests conducted further proven that CuInSe2 was highly promising for new generation solar batteries. In addition, it was revealed that its dimensions were ideal through SEM and AFM tests. References 1. ATAGÜNDÜZ, G., (1989), Günefl Enerjisi Temelleri ve Uygulamalar›, Ege Üniver-sitesi Günefl Enerjisi Enstütüsü 2. ERKOÇ, fi., (2007), Nanobilim ve Nanoteknoloji, ODTÜ yay›nlar›, Ankara, pp. 72-74. 3. GOETZBERGER, A. ve arkadafllar› (1998), Cristalline Sillicon Solar Cells 4. VARINCA, K. B. ve GÖNÜLLÜ T. M., Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklar›n›n Kullan›m›n›n Çevresel Olumlu Etkileri, YTÜ Çevre Mühendisli¤i Bölümü 5. TANG, J., H‹DS S., KELLEY S.O., and SARGENT E.H., (2008), Synthesis Of Colloi-dal CuGaSe2, CuInSe2 and Cu(InGa)Se2 Nanoparticles, Chem. Mater 20, pp. 6906-6910 6. WANG, W. ve arkadafllar› (2009), Intermediate-band Photovoltaic Solar Cell Based On ZnTe:O, APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 95 29 PROJECT SUMMARY FOR PHYSICS (First Place in Physics - 20th Research Projects Contest) Project Title : Thermal Photograph Project Owners : Ada DO⁄RUCU, Alp Eren ELÇ‹, Kaan KARACA School : Özel ‹zmir Amerikan Koleji - ‹zmir Guide Teacher : Oktay ÜNAL Introduction and Purpose The project aims to process thermal data into a photograph as part of the digital photo-graph technology and to ensure that computer users may see thermal values as they move the mouse on the photograph by making use of a special computer program. Methodology The most important indication of thermal energy and heat, the embodiment of that en-ergy, is the radiance released by energized materials. The investigations conducted revealed that photo receptors of digital cameras and web cameras were sensitive to infrared but that there was a glass plate on lenses of cameras to restrain such sensitivity; that is was possible to receive radiance into the lens from infrared section as well in case that glass plate is removed. In that sense, the project was further improved and a web camera was designed to re-ceive the infrared image of the environment while taking photos of the same environment with a second camera. To that end, two web cameras of the same model were purchased from a store and one of them were modified as follows. The infrared restraining glass filter in front of color sensing center in web cameras was replaced with a photo negative to design an infrared sensing web camera. Result and Discussions The project is now composed of a system embracing a laptop computer and two cam-eras which requires manual processing of thermal values in infrared picture under certain conditions for the time being. At that point, it should be asserted that the project is still under way to ensure that the process is undertaken digitally as a whole. The project is anticipated to be suitable for use in a number of sectors from security to defense, medicine, and engineering. The system shall be able to sense the thermal values of pictures (taken with digital cam-eras). Later on, as the photograph is analyzed, it shall be possible to employ the new technology in a number of areas since thermal values shall also be detected. References The motive behind the project is truly original yet it should be admitted that several refer-ences were analyzed (from the library and internet) on terms such as thermal-heat-photograph technology-infrared. In addition, google search engine and google scholar were scanned to confirm that no such project has been designed up to now. It is true that projects on thermal cameras and infrared cameras exist but the project offered is different in that the current project aims to show thermal values through a follow-up program by keeping those thermal values for future use. Finally, we would like to offer our special thanks to Mr. Oktay ÜNAL, our guide teacher, for assisting and directing us with his suggestions and comments. 30 MEF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 21st RESEARCH PROJECTS CONTEST PROJECT SUMMARY FOR CHEMISTRY (First Place in Chemistry - 18th Research Projects Contest) Project Title : Devising an Early and Efficient Diagnosis Method by Retaining Citrulinated Lysozyme in Plasma through Pressurized Polymer Project Owners : Adil Arca fiENEY - Cenk ‹brahim ÖZDEM‹R School : Ankara Fen Lisesi - Ankara Guide Teacher : Erdal K‹N‹R Introduction and Purpose Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic disease in arthroses which causes mobility disor-ders and inflammations in organs. In that sense, early diagnosis is of critical importance in increasing quality of life. The examinations conducted revealed that lysozyme values in plasma increased in pa-tients with RA and it was discovered that some antibodies resisting against citrulinated lysozymes existed. The aim of this study, therefore, is to prove that citrulinated lysozyme could be employed in early ad efficient diagnosis of RA due to the fact that citrulinated lysozyme values are higher in patients with RA. Methodology Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) chips were prepared through several modifications so that the existence of citrulinated lysozyme could be verified. A polymer surface was created to which only citrulinated lysozyme could be bound to those SPR chips by using molecular pressurizing technology. Lysozyme solution was transferred to healthy plasma from the surface (control group) in parallel with the lysozyme solution transferred to the ailing plasma (experiment group). The two separate interactions were observed. Devia-tion angle was measured for each sample with SPR device. Findings In line with the data acquired from the abovementioned studies and experiments, it was detected that the deviation angles of surface with ailing lysozyme solution was different from that of control group. It was also observed that the deviation angles changed ac-cording to the density of the solution. Result and Discussions Our study reveals that citrulinated lysozyme is bound to the surface as the differences in deviation angles are observed in lysozyme solution. In that sense, it could well be as-serted that citrulinated lysozme could be employed as an efficient method for diagnosis of RA with an exactness of 97%. Following the application, SPR chip is recovered through a simple method and could be reused for several times. Furthermore, the method could be applied for other reasons as it cleans the blood from drugs with negative effects on human health; removes harmful chemicals; detects small amounts of chemicals that are hard to spot for the time being; and recovers valuable chemicals with high efficiency levels. 31 References 1- AKIMITSU KUGIMIYA and TOSHIFUMI TAKEUCHI, “Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Detection of Sialic Acid”, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Volume 16, issue 9-12, pp. 1059-1062, Aral›k 2001 2- Dr. ALPER GÜMÜfi “Romatoid Artritli Hastalarda Vasküler Endotelial Büyüme Faktörü ve Anti Siklik Sitrülinlenmifl Protein Antikoru Seviyelerinin De¤erlendirilmesi” (Uzmanl›k Tezi), ‹stanbul, 2007 3- Dr. DERYA GÜLTEK‹N “Romatoid Artritli Hastalarda Accp (Anti-Cyclic citrullinated Peptide) Düzeyleri” (Uzmanl›k Tezi), ‹stanbul, 2005 4- ERG‹N S., “Romatoid Artrit ve Sjögren Sendromu”, Fiziksel T›p ve Rehabilitasyon, Volume 2, Günefl Kitabevi Ltd. fiti, Ankara, 2000 5- ERKUT YILMAZ, “Romatoid Artrit Tedavisine Yönelik Poli (HEMA-MAH) Adsorbentin Üretimi ve Dolgulu Kolon Dizayn›” (Uzmanl›k Tezi), Ankara, 2007 6- SCHELLEKENS GA, DE JONG BA, VAN DEN HOOGEN FH, VAN DE PUTTE LB, VAN VENROOIJ WJ., “Citrulline is an Essential Constituent of Antigenic Determinants Recognized by Rheumatoid Arthritis-spesific Autoantibodies”, J Clin Invest, issue 101, pp. 273-281, 1998 7- NAKAMURA R.M. “Progress in The Use of Biochemical and Biological Markers for Evaluation of Rheumatoid Arthritis”, J.Clin.Lab.Anal., issue 14, pp. 305-313, 2002 8- VAN BOEKEL MA, VOSSENAAR ER, VAN DEN HOOGEN FH, VAN VENROO WJ., “Autoantibody Systems in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Specificity, Sensitivity and Diagnostic Value”, Arthritis Res., issue 4, pp. 87-93, 2002 9- SCHELLEKENS GA, VISSER H, DE JONG BAW, VAN DEN HOOGEN FH, HAZES JM, BREEDEVELD FC, VAN VENROOIJ WJ., “The Diagnostic Properties of Rheumatoid Arthritis Antibodies Recognizing Anti-cyclic Citrulinated Peptide”, Arthritis Rheum, issue 43, pp. 155-163, 2000 32 MEF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 21st RESEARCH PROJECTS CONTEST PROJECT SUMMARY FOR CHEMISTRY (First Place in Chemistry - 19th Research Projects Contest) Project Title : Production of Environmentally Friendly and Economical Fiber Project Owners : Damla Didem AKYILDIZ School : Ankara Fen Lisesi - Ankara Guide Teacher : Erdal K‹N‹R Project Summary It is impossible to manufacture fiberboard and paper from lignocellulosic substances unless they are turned into fibrous material. To that end, the first step is to turn raw mate-rial into fibrous material. The aim of producing chemical pulp is to disintegrate fibers through resolving middle lamella composed mainly of lignin and holding fibers in wood together chemically (delig-nification). Yet, paper production through chemical methods causes excessive energy consumption; besides, wastes have proven harmful for nature due to the use of chemi-cals. Similarly, energy consumption is relatively high in production of thermomechanical fiber. Biodelignification method, on the other hand, reduces the harm afflicted to the nature and the energy consumption. The aim of this project is to minimize environmental pollution and contribute to a more economical production process by reducing the use of chemicals and energy consump-tion in manufacture of fibers for paper and MDF (fiberboard). Another objective is to contribute to the economy by ensuring the cultivation of an edible mushroom type on chips prior to fibering process. Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom was used to that end. The experiments conducted revealed that the amount of lignin on chips decreased gradually, which means that the mushrooms destroy lignin on chips. In addition, the solution values of 1% NaOH increased in parallel with the disintegration of lignin which displays the destruction caused by mushrooms. Such findings point out that the study has proven fruitful. Furthermore, cultivation of mushrooms turns out to be another impor-tant output of the project along with all the other positive results. The project shall both contribute to economic prosperity through the cultivation of edible mushrooms and ensure that paper and fiber production processes become environmen-tally friendly through low energy consumption levels. The study reveals that the implementation of the project shall prove highly beneficial for the country in terms of economy, environmental pollution, and energy consumption. 33 PROJECT SUMMARY FOR CHEMISTRY (First Place in Chemistry - 20th Research Projects Contest) Project Title : An Economical Model for the Purification of Antibody: Molecular-Pressurized Heat-Sensitive Intelligent Polymers Project Owners : Furkan ÇET‹N - Kemal ‹NEC‹K School : Özel Samanyolu Fen Lisesi - Ankara Guide Teacher : Zeynel Abidin BÜTÜNER Introduction and Purpose We were familiar with antibodies due to our projects for Olympics (Silver Medal for Chemistry in 18th National Science Olympics of TUBITAK) and our high school studies. 75-80% of antibodies in blood are known to be composed of Immunoglobulin G (IgG). Immunoglobulins (=Antibodies) are synthesized by plasma cells constituted through the transformation lymphocytes undergo due to antigenic stimulation. Chemical, physical, and immunological studies on antibodies have revealed that there are important differ-ences between and among them. Such differences are due to the individual properties of antibody molecules such as their carbohydrate amounts, electrophoresis speeds, mo-lecular weights, aminoacid constitutions, and H (=heavy) polypeptide chains they have. In that sense, immunoglobulins have been classified into five groups, namely Immuno-globulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin M (IgM), Immunoglobulin D (IgD), and Immunoglobulin E (IgE). Immunoglobulins are of glucoprotein structure 90% of which is polypeptide and the remaining 10% is carbohydrate. When an Ig molecule is analyzed under electron microscope, it would be seen that it has Y shape. Since Igs are proteins with globulin structure, they are made up of polypeptide chains. There are two types of polypeptide chains in an IgG molecule composed of Monomer (= one essential unit) and each type has two chains. • Light chain = L chain: Short chains with lighter molecular weight. It has two different types known as K (kappa) and (lambda). Both are available in all lg types. Yet, the two short chains in the same lg molecule are of the same type and identical to each other; that is, one cannot be different from the other. A single antibody molecule cannot contain two different types of L chain at the same time. • Heavy chain = H chain: Long chains with heavier molecular weight. All five Ig types have different H chain structures, which are named as follows. IgG (gamma) H chain, IgM (mü) H chain, IgA (alfa) H chain, IgD (delta) H chain, and IgE (epsilon) H chain. IgG molecule, as described in detail above, is shaped as Y, has monomer structure and is of 150.000 molecular weight. For adults, 100 ml serum has 1000 mgr IgG. Two antigens could be connected to 2 Fab particles in IgG molecule. That is why IgG bears two values. In that sense, we aim to prepare and characterize macroporous polymer columns as a more economical method of purifying antibodies from human and animal blood and to contribute to the economy of the country. 34 MEF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 21st RESEARCH PROJECTS CONTEST Methodology The Methodology employed consists of eight main steps: 1. Methacrylamidohistidine (MAH) monomer was synthesized to turn his-tidine into monomer structure so that it could be blended into polymerine structure. 2. MAH monomer prepared was synthesized into polymer in ethanol cryostat of -20 degrees with NIPA monomer, methylene bisacrylamide cross linker, ammonium persulphate (APS) initiator, and N,N,N,N-Tetramethylendiamine (TEMED) accelerator. 3. LCST (Low Critical Solution Temperature) of p(NIPA-MAH) polymere syn-thesized was specified as 34oC through the use of SAXS and it was de-tected that it had inclination to swell under and above 34oC. Besides, nanostructures and reactions to heat were clarified though SAXS. The structure was confirmed through FT-IR Spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer SpctrumOne, Nicolet 520). It was further characterized by imaging the macroporous structure with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) (Low Voltage Electron Microscope, LVEM5). 4. IgG purification experiments with p(NIPA-MAH) polymer were first per-formed with IgG solution and then with peristaltic pump on steady system after a solution was prepared with the same ratio of proteins in blood. 5. The results acquired for the same experiment was checked in 280 nm wavelength with UVVisible Spectrophotometer (ShimadzuUV-1601). The second experiment (purification) was checked with SDS PAGE gel elec-trophoresis. 6. We employed prior complex, polymerization, and target molecule removal practices, as defined in introduction part, to use molecular pressurizing method as we could not achieve the desired results. 7. We could achieve the new results after the repetition of step 4 and 5. 8. We checked the economic advantages of the method through cost analy-sis. Result and Discussions The one whose IgG antibody is not pressurized adsorbs 63 mg IgG from its natu-ral milieu whereas the one whose IgG is pressurized adsorbs 86 mg IgG. 97% of IgGs adsorbed by polymer could be recovered with the help of 100 ml 1M NaCl solution at + 4˚C. As for unpressurized cryogel, purity rate is 90%. Purification proved successful in pressurized cryogel. 35 References 1. Organik Kimya, Solomons 2. A.Denizli Protein Kromatografisi ve Yeni Nesil Polimerik Sistemler 3. El-Kak,A., Manjini,S., Vijayalakshmi,M.A., (1992) Interaction of immunoglobulin G with immobilized histidine: mechanistic and kinetic aspects, Journal of Chromotography A, issue 604, pp. 29-37 4. Huang, P.Y., Carbonell, G.R., (1999) Affinity chromatographic screening of soluble combinatorial peptide libraries, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Issue 63, pp. 633-641 5. Herak, D.C., Merrill, E.W., (1990), Affinity Cross-Flow Filtration: Some New Aspects, Biotechnology Progress, issue 6, pp. 33-40 6. Vijayalakshmi, A., Nedonchelle, E., Pitiot, O,. (2000) A Preliminary Study for Isolation of Catalytic Antibodies by Histidine Ligand Affinity Chromotography, as an Alternative to Conventional Protein A/G Methods, Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, issue 83, pp. 287-295 7. Vijayalakshmi A., Kamalanathan, A.S., (2007) Puri_cation of oligouronides by immobilized lhistidine pseudoaf_nity chromatography, Journal of Chromatography B, 23 June 2007 8. El-Kak, A., Vijayalakshmi, M.A., 1991, J. Chromatogr: Biomedical Applications, 570, 29-41. 9. El-Kak, A., and Vijayalakshmi, M.A., 1992, J. Chromatogr. B, 604, 29-37. 10. Fassina, G., Ruvo, M., Palombo, G., Verdoliva, A., Marino, M., 2001, J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods, 49, 481-490. 11. Füglistaller, P., 1989, J. Immunol. Methods, 124, 171-7. 12. Hasnaoui, M., Debbia, M., Cochet, S., Cartron, J.P., Lambin, P., Bertrand, O., 1997, J. of Chromatogr. A, 766, 49-60. 13. Herak, D.C. and Merrill, E.W., 1990, Biotechnol. Prog., 6, 33. 14. Hjorth, R., 1997, Trends Biotechnol., 15, 230-235. 15. Huang, P.Y., and Carbonell, R.G., 1999, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 63, 633-641. 16. Say, R., Garipcan, B., Emir, S., Pat›r, S., Denizli, A., Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 287(8) 539-545, 2002. 36 MEF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 21st RESEARCH PROJECTS CONTEST PROJECT SUMMARY FOR BIOLOGY (First Place in Biology - 18th Research Projects Contest) Project Title : In Silico Analysis of Glutathione Peroxidase Enzyme: “Bioin-formatics Approach” Project Owners : Melike KAZAK School : Özel TAKEV Fen Lisesi - ‹zmir Guide Teacher : Funda SEMENDERO⁄LU Introduction and Purpose Bioinformatics is a multidisciplinary science embracing different disciplines such as mo-lecular biology, biochemistry, medicine, genetics, computer engineering, and statistics under genome project. It ensures that sequencing results of thousands of aminoacids and DNA brought about by genomics and proteomics projects could be compared quickly. Methodology This project offers in silico analysis of a number of important issues such as detecting the isoforms of glutathione peroxidase enzyme, an important antioxidant system embed-ded in human metabolism; aminoacidic frequency differences of various isoforms; their philogenetic relations; active central structures; biochemical properties of each isoform; unfolded areas within three dimensional structure; the placement of those isoform en-zymes as to chromosomes; and aminoacidic sequencing similarities of the same enzyme in different animate beings. Findings The project reveals that molecular structures of isoforms are substantially different from one another although they catalyze the same biochemical reaction. Result and Discussions One of the most significant results of the project is that purification of GPX-1 enzyme and specifying its location in 198th position could contribute to the improvement of public health since cancer diseases could be detected earlier by changing proline in the amino-acid in 198th position of GPX-1 enzyme into leucine. The project is quite original in that it is the first bioinformatics project in Turkey. References • European Bioinformatics Institute, www.ebi.ac.uk • Swiss Bioinformatics Institute, www.expasy.ch 37 PROJECT SUMMARY FOR BIOLOGY (First Place in Biology - 19th Research Projects Contest) Project Title Project Owners : Determining the Genotoxic Effect of Insecticides on Salmo Turutta Macrostigma (DUMERIL 1858) through Erythrocyte Mi-cronucleus Test : Burcu DEM‹R - Sinem GÜLfiEN School : Mu¤la Anadolu Lisesi - Mu¤la Guide Teacher : Mehmet Ali ONARAN Introduction and Purpose This study employs erythrocyte micronucleus test to determine the genotoxic effect of chlorpyrifos ethyl, one of the organophosphoric insecticides, on Salmo trutta mac-rostigma. Micronucleus origination frequencies have been found for erythrocites of 24 S. trutta macrostigma units subjected to chlorpyrifos ethyl of 125, 150, 175, 200, and 225 ppm dose for 96 hours. The highest micronucleus frequency turned out to be S. trutta macrostigma units subjected to 225 ppm dose with 2.19%. It was observed that there was an increase in the number of erythorocites with micronucleus in parallel with the increase in dose. Methodology - Implementation of Pesticide S. trutta macrostigma samples were subjected to insecticide for 96 hours after they were taken to aquariums with chlorpyrifos ethyl (0,0-diethyl 0-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phos-phorothioate), an organophosphoriz insecticide, with doses of 125, 150, 175, 200 ve 225 ppm as specified according to previous studies with dimensions of 80 x 35 x 45 cm. - Study of Preparations The preparations underwent a scanning process with a view to counting micronuclei in erythrocytes under binocular light microscope. 100 erythrocytes were scanned in each preparation to record the erythrocytes containing small micronuclei along with the main nucleus inside the cytoplasm. Findings The studies revealed that the frequency of erythrocytes with micronucleus increased in parallel with the increase in the dose of insecticide. In that sense, the frequency of eryth-rocytes with micronucleus was 0.06% in control group whereas the number increased as high as 2.19% for the dose group 225 ppm and that there was a direct correlation be-tween the increase of dose and that of erythrocytes with micronucleus. The statistical evaluations further revealed that there were suggestive differences between the dose groups applied to fish (P<0,0001). Result and Discussions The study which was conducted for agricultural lands and greenhouses around Eflen River proves that chlorpyrifos ethyl, an organophosphoric insecticide widely used in the region, has a genotoxic effect on Salmo trutta macrostigma according to the doses em-ployes through erythrocyte MN test. The project would make it possible to acquire infor-mation on genotoxic effects of toxic substances in aquatic media with an easy-to-use and affordable method. 38 MEF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS 21st RESEARCH PROJECTS CONTEST References 1. Al-Sabti, K., Metcalfe, C.D. 1995. Fish Micro-nuclei for Assesing Genotoxicity in Water. Mutat. Res.,343 pp. 121-135.. 2. Al-Sabti, K. 1994. Micronuclei Induced By Selenium, Mercury, Methyl Mercury and Their Mixtures in Binucleated Blocked Fish Erythrocyte Cells. Mutat. Res.320 pp. 157-163. 3. Al-Sabti, K. 1992. Monitoring The Genotoxicity of Radiocontaminants in Swedish Lakes By Fish Micronuclei. Cytobios 70, pp 101-106. 4. Al-Sabti, K. 1991. Handbook of Genotoxic Effects and Fish Chromosomes. Josef Stephan ‹nstitute Press. Ljubjina Slovenia pp.230. 5. Bahari, I.B.,Noor, F.M., Daud, M.N. 1994. Micronucleated Erythrocytes as an Assay to Assess Actions By Physisal Genotoxic Agents in Clarias gariepinus. Mutat. Res. 313 pp. 1-5. 6. Burgeot, T., His, E., Galgani F. 1995. The Micronucleus Assay in Crassostera gigas for The Detection of Seawater Genotoxicity. Mutat. Res. 342 pp, 125-140. 7. Elaz›¤ Tar›m ‹l Müdürlü¤ü. 2004. 2004 Y›l› Program›na Göre Yönetimli Çiftçi Pestisit Mücadele ‹htiyaç Listesi. 8. Heddle,E., et all.. 1983. The Induction of Micro-nuclei as a measure of Genotoxicity. Mutat. Res.,123pp. 61-118. 9. Karacan, A.R. 2007. Çevre Ekonomisi ve Politi-kas›. Ege Üni.. Yay›nlar›. No. 6,‹zmir. 10. Kocabatmaz,M., Ekingen,G. 1984. De¤iflik Tür Bal›klarda Kan Örne¤i Al›nmas› ve Hematolojik Metodlar›n Standardizasyonu. Do¤a Bil. Der., Seri D1, 8(2), 149-159. 11. Majone, F.,et all.. 1990. Induction of Micro-nuclei by Mitomycin C and Colchicine in the Marine Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mutat. Res. 244 pp,147-151. 12. Minisi, S., Ciccotti, E., Rizzoni, M. 1996. Micronucleus Test in Erythrocytes of Barbus plebejus (Teleostei, Pisces) From Two Natural Environments: A Bioassay For The in-Situ Dedection of Mutagenesis in Freshwater. Mutat. Res. 367pp. 245-251. 39 PROJECT SUMMARY FOR BIOLOGY (First Place in Biology - 20th Research Projects Contest) Project Title : Investigation of the influence of Y chromosome on the 3rd stage (Embryo-Larva-Pubescence) in life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster. Project Owners : Berflan ÖZCAN School : Ankara Fen Lisesi-Ankara Guide Teacher : Murat SARIZ Introduction and Purpose Y chromosome of drosophila melanogaster is not influential over sex as it contains a great amount of introns and conveys some genes with short code sequences. Since some of the studies revealed that drosophila melanogaster organisms with no Y chromo-some could survive for a while, it could well be speculated that Y chromosomes do not undergo transcription under every phase of their life cycle. This study, therefore, investi-gates whether the existing genes on Y chromosomes have undergone any transcription and in which phases of life cycle (such as embryo, larva, pubescence) they are influen-tial. Methodology DNA isolation, reverse transcription, PCR, and gel electrophoresis procedures were implemented for embryo, larva, and pubescence phases of drosophila melanogaster respectively. Findings • It was revealed that Su(Ste) and psi3 could be substituted as Y marker in larva and pubescence phases of drosophila melanogaster. • The most suitable PCR method for Su(ste) turned out to be Primary content and temperature of 62 0C. • Experiments on embryo were repeated with the best PCR method and Su(Ste) primer, that is the most suitable method for pubescence period. nev-ertheless, the genes on Y chromosome could not be detected on embryos. • Therefore, it became possible to explain how drosophila melanogaster could complete its embryonic evolution although it has no Y chromosome. • The short lifespan of those with no Y chromosome is due to the fact that the need for Y chromosome increases in parallel with aging. The influence of Y chromosome on larva and pubescence period could easily be observed. Result and Discussions Only 3 primers turned out to be operational on test experiments. For future experiments, it might be possible to find out a number of primers that could be substituted as Y marker by experimenting with a variety of temperature and content sequences for each primer. Embryonic experiments could be carried out again under different PCR temperatures and primers. References 1. Bernardo Lemos, et al. . 4 Ocak 2008. Polymorphic Y Chromosomes Harbor Cryptic Variation with Manifold Functional Consequences . Science 319-91 2. Ashburner M, Thompson JN. 1978. "The laboratory culture of Drosophila" In Ashburner M, Wright TRF. The Genetics and Biology of Drosophila. 2A. Academic Press. 1-81 3. Spring 2008. More on Sexual Differences in Drosophila melanogaster. “Introduction to Biological Sciences Lab” at Vanderbilt University www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bsci111b/drosophila/sexualdifferences.htm (01/072009) 40 MEF Ulusal ve Uluslararas› Araflt›rma Projeleri Yar›flmas› Genel Koordinatörlü¤ü MEF E⁄‹T‹M KAMPÜSÜ, Ulus Mah. Öztopuz Cad. Leylak Sok. 34340 Ulus - Befliktafl / ‹stanbul Tel: (0212) 287 69 00 Dahili: 1190 - 1165 Faks: (0212) 257 90 95 www.mef.k12.tr