boğazi̇çi̇ university
Transkript
boğazi̇çi̇ university
08/05/2014 BOĞAZİÇİ UNIVERSITY THE PROJECT IS COORDINATED BY THE SOCIETY FOR THE HISTORY OF TURKISH SCIENCE • Archaeological Excavations: Kırklareli Museum (Arc. Zülküf Yılmaz) Boğaziçi University (Prof. Günhan Danışman) Netherlands Institute in Turkey (Assit. Prof. Fokke Gerritsen) Boğaziçi University* (Dr. Rana Özbal-Gerritsen) • Architectural Documentation and Restoration: DEMİRKÖY-SAMAKOCUK IRON FOUNDRY: AN INDUSTRIAL ARCHAEOLOGY PROJECT AT AN OTTOMAN WORKSHOP IN TURKISH THRACE Hadi Özbal The objective of the archaeometallurgical studies at Demirköy Industrial Archaeology Project is part of a much expended project where the metallurgy of Thrace will be studied from the beginning mainly to understand the transfer of metal technologies between Anatolia and Thrace through out history. The ultimate goal of Demirköy Industrial Archaeological Project is to establish a functioning Ottoman iron foundry with furnaces and forges as an open air museum İstanbul Technical University (Prof. Atilla Bir) Boğaziçi University (Prof. Günhan Danışman) • Ottoman Archive Studies: İstanbul University ( Prof. Mustafa Kaçar) İstanbul technical University (Assit. Prof. Gülsün Tanyeli) Archaeometallurgical Studies: Boğaziçi University (Prof. Hadi Özbal) * Part Time Archaeometallurgical studies at Demirköy İstanbul Technical University (Assoc. Prof. Gülsün Tanyeli) • Studies in History of Technology: Bochum Mining Museum (Assoc. Prof. Ünsal Yalçın) Diffusion of iron metallurgy Yalçın 2006 Lewis Henry Morgan: The smelting of iron was a development on a par with the domestication of animals . Iron proved to be cheaper and superior to bronze. It was now possible to arm a large peasant infantry to challenge the military superiority of LBA aristocracy armed with bronze weapons. 1 08/05/2014 Types of Iron Types of Iron: Wrought iron by Direct Process Iron bloom Bloomery furnace Fayalithic slag Wrought iron Steel Cast Iron Carbon content < 0.03% Carbon content between 0.5 - 1.5% Carbon Content < 1.5% FeO 60.2 SiO2 19.6 Al2O3 4.91 CaO 4.56 Composition of Fayalithic slag Other impurities such as Si, Mn, S, Ni, Mo, Ti, Al, and P alter the properties of steel Forging bloom and wrought iron objects Types of Iron: Cast Iron (Pig iron) and cast iron objects Stückofen 2 08/05/2014 Production of wrought iron from cast iron: The Finery Types of Iron: Steel Steel is an alloy of iron and 0.5-1.5% carbon. CAST IRON Decarburization WROUGHT IRON Carburization WROUGHT IRON STEEL Decarburization THERMAL OPERATIONS CAST IRON Quenching Tempering Damascus steel Ottoman cannon metallurgy Ottoman Cannon casting 1389: Earliest record of casting bronze cannon at the siege of Kosova 1450-1474: Casting of large bronze cannons during Fatih Sultan Mehmet period. . Cast in 1464 Bronze Weight: 17 tons Wt. of cannon balls: 294 Kg Bore: 63 cm Wt. of Gun powder: 213 Kg 1516 : Two wrought iron cannons were produced for Yavuz Sultan Selim s Egypt campaign. Wrought Iron Barrel: 7.40m Bore: 25 cm 1520-1566: Reign of Kanuni Sultan Süleyman was the most active period for casting bronze cannons 3 08/05/2014 Samakocuk, Malki-Samakov • One of the important iron production center in the Thrace • In 1696, Sultan orders to have a iron workshop to produce morter shells. • In one of the documents about the construction of Nuruosmaniye Mosque, it is mentioned that iron from the İğne Ada was also used. • It is further expended in 1821 • Cast iron in the form of ingots (Helon) was sent to Tersane-i Amire and Tophane-i Amire from İğne ada. • In 1830 foundry workers both from Samako and Samakocuk were sent to England to learn about the new technologies. • A “Salname” from Edirne mentions that the foundry was still active in 1875 and was commisioned to produce horse shoe, nails and sheet iron and even machine parts • Before the 1st World War, operation permit was granted to an English firm which was later revoked when the war started. Samakov and Samakocuk Kırklareli, Demirköy Location of the foundry and the environment . :"...Bu diyâr(ın) samako denilen ateş-i nemrud yakan körüğünü on âdem çekemez, su değirmeni körüğü çekerek ateş yakar, fil gövdesi kadar demir örsler üzre akik-i Yemeni gibi kırmızı demirleri ateşten çıkaran üstâd haddadlar birer gunâ musannâ dolaplar ile kızgın demirleri sendân üzre koyup camus kellesi kadar çekiçleri ile yine sanatlı su dolapları vasıtasıyla kırmızı demire urduklarında zemin ve asumanı titredirler. Serkârda ancak iki üstâd örsü üzre dolab ile birer ikişer kantar demirleri çekiç altına koyub çeküb urmakdadır, her urmakda demür uzayup çubuk oldukda yine bir san'at ile çark-ı dolabın suyunu keserek şebü ruz böyle kâr-ı rüzgâr ederler. Nice seyyâhlar bu kârı görüb engüşt berdehân-ı hayret olurlar. Bu kârı ancak görmekile takdir olur, yoksa böyle yazmakla olmaz..." EVLİYA ÇELEBİ . 4 08/05/2014 Site plan of Demirköy foundry Excavated administration section of the foundry Prepared by architects Erdoğan Canbaz, Murat Alaboz and Onur Karahan Archaeological excavations at the administrative area (2002-2006) The main foundry and the high furnace (Stückofen): 5 08/05/2014 The main foundry and the high furnace (Stückofen): Main foundry . Excavations at the small workshop (2005-2006), Bloom iron furnace Forging of the Bloom Water canal Anchorage holes for forging hammer Finery Oven? 6 08/05/2014 Ore: The bellow system Tuyer Magnetite: Fe3O4 (% 60-70 Fe) Hematite: Fe2O3 (% 60 Fe) Examples of wrought iron objects The Furnace and the blooms Demirköy Bloom iron samples (About 65 Kg) 7 08/05/2014 Fayalitic Slag (from the bloomery furnace) Microstructure image of a nail made from bloom iron a: Polished surface image of a nail made from bloom iron. Residual slags are elongated due to extensive hammering. Glassy Anorthide Phase b: Image of the same surface after etching. Darker regions are perlite (layers of Fe & Fe3C) the lighter regions are pure ferrite. Fayalite (Fe2SiO4) a FeO SiO2 CaO Al2O3 MnO MgO % 62.7 % 9.44 %7.99 % 6.65 % 1.03 %3.23 Wüstite (FeO) Crystals Gen. Comp. FeO: 60.5 SiO2: 22.0 CaO: 3.75 Al2O3: 5.86 b Nails made from Demirköy wrought iron Forging Demirköy bloom iron Section of bloom from Demirköy Hot blooms is forged Bloom is heated in an oven Image of the polished section X50 Consolidated wrought iron Image of the etched polished section X200 8 08/05/2014 Iron ingots Cast iron objects SEM image of cast iron ingot Cast iron ingot Graphite flakes Typical grey cast iron microstructure Cannon Ball (Humbara) Casting Humbara Cannon Ammunition Casting Humbara 9 08/05/2014 Casting Humbara Glassy slag from the high furnace An iron prill Glassy phase Graphite fibers FeO 0.84% SiO2 55.6% CaO 10.9% Al2O3 12.1% Possible finery slag 2008 Excavation, the smithing workshop Sample 05/708 FeO %81.7 SiO2 %7.20 CaO %12.5 Al2O3 %7.03 MnO %1.44 Hammer scales Furnace bottoms 10 08/05/2014 Ternary Phase diagram of slags related to iron production The composition of 43 investigated slag samples are represented on a ternary phase diagram that reflects the processes from which they have formed. Conclusions • Iron production in Demirköy continued until 1870 s. • Both cast as well as wrought iron was produced. • Small workshops around the main foundry must have produced only wrought iron since only fayalithic slags were observed. • The glassy slag that form in the high furnaces was only observed around the main foundry where the high furnaces were located. • There were no evidence so far that steel was produced at Demirköy. • Both hematite and magnetite sand were used as iron ores at Demirköy. • There are indications that iron production at Demirköy may go back to Roman Period • Thrace is a natural land bridge between Anatolia and Europe. Archaeometallurgical studies in the region will help us understand diffusion of metallurgy to Europe. Acknowledgement Dedication On behalf of a large number of scholars and students, I would like to express my gratitude to the following institutions who made this work possible by their generous support. Ministry of Tourism and Culture (DÖSİMM) National Research Council of Turkey Society for History of Turkish Science Boğaziçi University Research Fund The Governance of Kırklareli GÜNHAN DANIŞMAN 1943-2009 11