Transmitter Site - Media Institutions
Transkript
Transmitter Site - Media Institutions
3 MCS101 MEDIA INSTITUTIONS Broadcasting Technologies Burak Doğu burak.dogu@ieu.edu.tr Department of Media and Communication, IUE Broadcasting news • Nature of news • Presentation • Relationship with the space • „Global village‟ • Relationship with audience • Impact and immediacy • News or entertainment? Radio • Invention of electromagnetic waves • Propaganda • “The spiritual weapon of the totalitarian state” (Goebbels) • Rundfunkhaus • Volksempfänger (people‟s receiver) • National psyche • Intimate Types of radio stations • • • • Commercial/Noncommercial National/Regional/Local Conventional/Satellite/Internet Music/News • Music • by genre • News/talk Types of radio programmes • • • • • • News bulletins Documentaries Magazine shows Music programmes with guests Round-table discussions Phone-ins TV days • It evolved in 1940s with local stations. • Nationals and cable networks (CNN) • Various new formats • NBC tradition • “If it bleeds, it leads.” • Superficial Term: Broadcasting Broadcasting means transmitting audio visual information through electromagnetic waves by radio or television. Analog vs Digital As a technology, „analog‟ is the process of translating an audio or video signal into electronic pulses. „Digital‟ is breaking the signal into a binary format where the audio or video data is represented by a series of "1"s and "0"s. Basics of Broadcasting Technology • The inventions of telegraph and telephone • Communication over long distances • The use of electromagnetic waves • Modulation Basic Sound Concepts Sound we hear is actually the pressure waves in the air. Facsimile : Representations of the original form. Oscillation : Any kind of vibration observed as a waveform which has its own unique signature. Amplitude : Determines how loud the pressure wave sounds. Frequency : Whether the wave sounds are high or low in tone. • A pure single tone has a single frequency and known as a sine wave. • Frequency is measured by cycles per second the unit, usually known as a hertz or Hz. • The range of frequencies that can be passed, combined with information on how accurately their amplitudes are reproduced, is known as frequency response of the equipment or system. Basic Audio Concepts • Microphone : It turns a sound pressure wave in the air into an electrical audio signal that matches the amplitude of the pressure wave. • Loudspeaker : It receives the electrical audio signal and turns it back into sound waves in the air that we can hear. Source - - - - - Signal Chain - - - - -> Listener • Signal loss • Monophonic sound vs. Stereophonic sound Visible Light and Color • Light is an electromagnetic wave generated by the source of light. • Luminance : Amplitude of the light wave determines the brightness of light which is referred to as the luminance level. • Hue : Frequency of the light wave determines its color which is refered to as its hue. • Saturation : Refers to how strong the color is or how much it has been mixed with white. • RGB Characteristics of the Human Vision • Persistence of vision : After an image is being viewed has disappeared, the eye still sees the image for a fraction of a second. This phenomenon allows us to perceive consecutively shown still pictures as moving images. • Frame rate : Refers to the number of frames shown each second in television or cinema. Basic Video Concepts • Camera : Turns the light that it receives into an electrical video signal. • Television display and picture monitor : Receives the electrical video signal and turns it back into red, green, and blue light that we can see. • Interlaced scan vs. Progressive scan Sample: Interlaced Scan Electromagnetic Waves • Electromagnetic waves are vibrations of electrical and magnetic energy that can travel long distances, through different materials. • Electromagnetic spectrum o Radio waves (RF) o Microwaves (very short radio waves) o Infrared waves o Light waves o Ultraviolet waves o X-rays o Gamma rays o Cosmic rays • All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light: 186,000 miles per second, or approximately 300 million meters per second. Frequency, Wavelength and Amplitude I • A hertz (Hz) is one cycle of the wave per second. • The units of RF: o kHz kilo (thousand) hertz o MHz mega (million) hertz o GHz giga (billion) hertz • Wavelength : The distance that one „wave‟ or cycle of a signal occupies. • Amplitude : Determines the height of the radio wave. • Frequency : Determines the number of cycles per second. Wavelength = Speed of light / Frequency For instance: MF (Medium Frequency) AM radio band 300 million meters/sec /1120 thousand cycles/sec = 268 meters Frequency, Wavelength and Amplitude II Sample test page Bands • Bandwidth : The range of frequencies from lowest to highest. • UHF (Ultra High Frequency) and SHF (Super High Frequency) have further subdivisions, with bands that are used for terrestrial radio links, satellite links and for satellite broadcasting. • These include L, S, C, X, Ku, K and Ka bands with frequencies from 1 GHz to 40 GHz. Transduction and modulation • The process of changing one form of energy into another is called transduction. • Radio waves are often referred to as carrier or carrier waves. • Each carrier wave carry information by varying one or more characteristics and this is called modulation. • Subcarrier : It may either refer to a modulated carrier that is combined with other signals and than modulated onto a higher frequency or it may refer to use of multiple carriers of similar frequencies in one system. Amplitude Modulation (AM) • The program information signal is used to modulate the amplitude of the carrier wave. • In the AM wave the amplitude of the carrier wave changes whereas its frequency remains constant. Frequency Modulation (FM) • The program information signal is used to modulate the frequency of the carrier wave. • In the FM wave the frequency of the carrier wave changes whereas its amplitude remains constant. Digital Modulation Systems • Digital broadcasting uses more sophisticated modulation systems, including variants of amplitude and frequency modulation. • COFDM (Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) system uses multiple carriers for digital transmission to make the signal more robust. The Broadcast Studio The Basic Structure of Radio or Television Broadcast Studio Studio Complex > Studio Transmitter Link > Transmitter Site Studio Complex : The place where the programming originates. Studio Transmitter Link : The connection between the studio complex and the transmitter site. Transmitter Site : A device that, with and antenna, broadcasts the program material over the air. Types of Broadcasting o Analog Radio, o Digital Radio, o Satellite Radio, o Analog Television, o Digital Television, o Satellite Television, o Cable Television, o Groups and Networks, o Internet Radio and Television. Analog Radio • Radio broadcasting throughout the world falls into two categories: AM (Amplitude Modulation) and FM (Frequency Modulation) • FM uses the very high frequency (VHF) band, whereas AM can be used in medium frequency (MF), long wave (lower than MF), shortwave high frequency (HF) bands. Long Wave and HF bands are better for broadcasting for wider areas. Digital Radio • IBOC (In-Band-on-Channel) • DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting) aka Eureka 147 • ISDB-TSB (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting – Terrestrial Sound Broadcasting) • DRM (Digital Radio Mondiale) Digital Audio Broadcasting Satellite Radio • XM and Sirius • World Space Analog Television • NTSC (National Television System Committee) • PAL (Phase Alternating Line) • SECAM (Sequential Couleur avec Mémoire) Digital Television • ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee) • DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting Terrestrial) • ISBD-T (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting-Terrestrial) Digital Broadcast Standarts Satellite Television • Medium and Low-Power Services • Digital Satellite Broadcasting Satellite television networks in Turkey Çukurova Lig TV, ShowMax, ShowPlus, GoldMax, GoldMax2, MovieMax, MovieMax2, ActionMax, TürkMax, MovieMax HD, ComedyMax, DiziMax, MyMax, İz TV, Estore Tv, S‟nek TV Doğan Dream TV, Dream Türk, D Max, D Yeşilçam, D Plus, D Çocuk, D Spor, BJK TV, GS TV, FIX TV, Movie Smart, Movies 24, Comedy Smart, Pembe Smart, D Shopping, TAY TV, Emlak TV. Cable Television • Cable Television systems provided by multiple service operators distribute large numbers of television and audio program channels over networks of cables over large areas. • In Turkey Türksat A.Ş. regulates the cable television service. Groups and Networks • Networks produce programs for distribution to stations that they own and to other stations in the network, known as affiliates. • Centralcasting • The term network is also often used to describe companies that produce one or more programs for distribution to multiple cable and satellite operators. Internet Radio and Television • Streaming technologies • Buffering and compression • Rights management Case Study 1: Türk Telekom 23 Şubat 1994 Türkiye GSM teknolojisiyle tanıştı. 24 Nisan 1995 PTT'deki telekomünikasyon ve posta hizmetlerinin birbirinden ayrılmasıyla Türk Telekomünikasyon A.Ş. kuruldu. 27 Nisan 1998 GSM lisansı, 25 yıllığına Turkcell ve Telsim şirketlerine devredildi Temmuz 2000 Kablo TV üzerinden Kablo İnternet uygulamaları başlatıldı. 8 Ocak 2001 Aycell Haberleşme ve Pazarlama Hizmetleri A.Ş. kuruldu. 21 Mart 2001 İş-TIM Telekomünikasyon Hizmetleri A.Ş., Aria ticari ünvanı ile faaliyete geçti. 22 Temmuz 2004 Türksat Uydu Haberleşme ve İşletme Anonim Şirketi (Türksat A.Ş.) kuruldu. Türk Telekom‟dan ayrı bir şirket olarak faaliyetine başladı. 14 Kasım 2005 Türk Telekom'un özelleştirilmesi çalışmaları tamamlanarak, %55'i Oger Ortak Girişim Grubu'na devredilmiştir. 26 Nisan 2006 TTNET Anonim Şirketi, Türk Telekom iştiraki olarak kuruldu ve "İnternet Servis Sağlayıcı Lisansı" alarak faaliyetlerine başladı. 15 Mayıs 2008 Türk Telekom hisselerinin %15‟lik payı halka arz edilerek, İstanbul Menkul Kıymetler Borsası‟nda işlem görmeye başladı. Case Study 2: TÜRKSAT 1968 Intelsat‟a (Uydular Aracılığı ile Haberleşme Uluslararası Organizasyonu) üye olundu. 23 Nisan 1979 İlk uydu yer istasyonumuz AKA-1 (Ankara-1) İngiltere'yle 11 telefon kanalı kurularak servise verildi. AKA-1‟in hizmete verilmesiyle Intelsat üzerinden Atlantik bölgesi uyduları kullanılarak 13 ülke ile haberleşme sağlandı. 10 Nisan 1985 Haberleşmede kanal kapasitesini artıran fiber optik kablo, ilk kez Ankara (Ulus) - Gölbaşı Uydu Yer Merkezi arasında yeraltında döşendi. 03 Kasım 1985 Eutelsat sistemiyle çalışan AKA-2 yer istasyonu hizmete verildi. 4 Mart 1987 Avrupa'da ilk olarak uydu sistemi üzerinden video konferans ülkemizde gerçekleştirildi. 11 Ağustos 1994 Türkiye'nin Türksat 1B uzaya fırlatıldı ve 42° East (Doğu) yörüngesine başarıyla yerleştirildi. 10 Temmuz 1996 Türkiye'nin ikinci uydusu Türksat 1C uzaya fırlatıldı ve 31.3° E yörüngesine yerleştirildi. 11 Ocak 2001 Türk Telekom ve Alcatel ortaklığı ile kurulan Eurasiasat Şirketi tarafından yaptırılan Türksat 2A (Eurasiasat 1) uydusu uzaya fırlatıldı. 22 Temmuz 2004 Türk Telekomünikasyon A.Ş. tarafından yürütülen uydu haberleşme hizmetlerinin yeni bir şirket altında yürütülmesi amacıyla Türksat A.Ş. kuruldu. 21 Nisan 2005 Kablo altyapısı ve bu altyapı üzerinden yürütülen hizmetler (KabloTV, KabloInternet) Türksat A.Ş.‟ye devredildi. 20 Nisan 2006 e-Devlet kapısının kurulması, işletilmesi ve yönetilmesi görevi Türksat A.Ş.‟ye verildi.