contents introduction 3 summary of the project 3 location 3 current
Transkript
contents introduction 3 summary of the project 3 location 3 current
CONTENTS ▪ INTRODUCTION 3 ▪ ▪ SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT ▪ ▪ LOCATION ▪ ▪ CURRENT TEAM ▪ ▪ CONTACT 3 3 4 4 ▪ HISTORY 4 ▪ ▪ HATICE TURHAN SULTAN AND HER PATRONAGE ▪ ▪ SEDDÜLBAHIR FORTRESS AND ITS SITE ▪ ▪ KUMKALE FORTRESS AND ITS SITE ▪ ▪ REGION ▪ ▪ OTTOMAN FORTIFICATIONS 5 6 7 7 7 ▪ PROJECT 8 ▪ ▪ HISTORY AND AIMS ▪ ▪ PROJECT SCHEDULE ▪ ▪ ▪ 2001 SEASON ▪ ▪ ▪ 2000 SEASON ▪ ▪ ▪ 1999 SEASON ▪ ▪ ▪ 1998 SEASON ▪ ▪ ▪ 1997 SEASON 8 10 10 11 13 14 15 ▪ SURVEY 17 ▪ ▪ AREA OF THE SURVEY AND AIMS ▪ ▪ SURVEYING METHODS 17 17 ▪ GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) 19 ▪ ▪ WHAT IS GIS? ▪ ▪ GIS APPLICATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THIS PROJECT ▪ ▪ KUMKALE CEMETERY 19 21 21 ▪ ORAL HISTORY 21 ▪ ▪ AREA OF THE WORK AND AIMS ▪ ▪ METHODS 21 22 ▪ CEMETERY 22 ▪ ▪ AREA OF THE WORK AND AIMS ▪ ▪ METHODS 22 22 2 ▪ BIBLIOGRAPHY 23 ▪ ▪ PROJECT PUBLICATIONS, ARTICLES AND CHAPTERS ▪ ▪ ARCHIVES RESEARCHED IN THE PROJECT PROCESS ▪ ▪ GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 23 24 24 ▪ LINKS 26 ▪ SPONSORS 26 3 ▪ INTRODUCTION ▪ ▪ SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT The subject of this project is the comprehensive documentation of Seddülbahir and Kumkale Ottoman Fortresses. Seddülbahir and Kumkale Fortresses were built in the mid 17th century at the entrance to the Dardanelles, on either side of the straits, by Hatice Turhan Sultan, the mother of the Ottoman Sultan Mehmet IV. Initially the fortresses were constructed as part of the Ottoman defense against Venetian naval incursions into the Dardanelles during the long war over Crete; since that time they have served the Ottoman and later Turkish defense against a variety of enemies who have coveted either the strategic outlet to the Aegean or a convenient sea access to the Bosphorus and the capital of Istanbul. Both fortresses were instrumental in the Gallipoli campaign of World War I and severely damaged by artillery fire. After World War I and the withdrawal of French and British troops from the Gallipoli region, Seddülbahir and Kumkale were returned to the Ottoman government. Until the spring of 1997, Seddülbahir Fortress was maintained as a Turkish naval outpost, it is now open to public access. Kumkale Fortress is still operating as a naval base and is under the jurisdiction of the Turkish Ministry of Defense. The aim of the project is twofold: first to document the existing remains of the fortress by generating the geodesic maps and architectural drawings of the structures on the site; second to bring together a vast array of data such as repair records (tamirat defterleri) from the Ottoman archives, European and Ottoman historical chronicles, drawings, engravings and archival photographs from various libraries’ collections in order to assess the development of the structure and propose a plan for the preservation and restoration of the fortresses and adjoining structures. An additional part of the project that developed in the 1999-2001 seasons at Seddülbahir and Kumkale was an oral history of the villages. In addition to completing our preliminary precise geodetic and architectural survey of the fortresses and their immediate environs, the GPS generated map of the Kumkale cemetery as well as an entire epigraphic documentation of all remaining 287 tombstones. We have initiated discussions with local government officials at both sites to determine local opinions concerning preservation and reusage possibilities of the fortifications. The whole documentation will be visualized in the GIS application of the project. The research for the survey and documentation project was initiated by Lucienne ThysŞenocak from the Department of History in Koç University. At the preliminary stage of research the survey was planned to be one to two years, and the aim was limited. An official protocol to facilitate the cooperation between the History Department of Koç University and Geodesy Division of Geodesy and Photogrammetry Department of Istanbul Technical University was signed in 1997. As the project continued it became clear that there was a need for a thorough geodetic and architectural survey at both sites. With the completion of the geodetic maps, the architectural drawings and illustrations of the fortresses, the documentation efforts and on site surveying work at Seddülbahir has shifted to preparing a restoration proposal for Seddülbahir Fortress and its site. As a result of this, the project that began as a research project in 1997 has continued and developed in several new directions. ▪ ▪ LOCATION The sites are on the edge of the opposite shores of the Dardanelles, the geodetic location is 26°.199 EITRF and 41°.006 NITRF. Seddülbahir Fortress is in the Seddülbahir village, on the site of the Gallipoli battlefields of Cape Hellas and Ertugrul Bay at the southern edge 4 of Gallipoli peninsula. It stands at the entrance to the Dardanelles, 110 kilometers from Gelibolu and 30 kilometers from Kilitbahir village. Kumkale Fortress is 3 kilometers from the Kumkale village and 45 kilometers from Çanakkale, located at the mouth of ancient Scamander River, 5 kilometers from the archaeological site of Troy. ▪ ▪ CURRENT TEAM PROJECT DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING & GIS DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING & GIS TEAM PHOTOGRAMMETRY WORK DRAWING TEAM ORAL HISTORY TEAM CEMETERY TEAM ASST. PROF. LUCIENNE THYS-ŞENOCAK (ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIAN, KU) ASSOC. PROF. RAHMI N. ÇELIK ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. CANER GÜNEY ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. TEVFIK ÖZLÜDEMIR ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. BIHTER ÖZÖNER ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. SERDAR EROL ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. ORHAN AKYILMAZ (GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER,ITU) ASSOC. PROF. DURSUN Z. ŞEKER (GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) GÜNDER VARINLIOGLU ( ARCHITECT, UPENN.) BENSEN B. M. ÜNLÜOGLU ( ARCHAEOLOGIST, IU) ARZU ÖZSAVAŞCI ( ARCHITECT, ITU) RES. ASST. I. CEREN CENKER ( HISTORIAN, KU) HASAN KARATAŞ ( HİSTORIAN,U.C. of BERKELEY) ▪ ▪ CONTACT PROJECT DIRECTOR SURVEY DIRECTOR PROJECT WEB ADDRESS PROJECT E-MAIL ASST. PROF. LUCIENNE THYS-ŞENOCAK (ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIAN, KU) Address: Dept. of History, Koç University, Rumeli Fener Yolu, Sariyer, Istanbul Phone: +90.212.338 14 25 E-mail: LSENOCAK@ku.edu.tr ASSOC. PROF. RAHMI N. ÇELIK ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) Address: Dept. of Geodesy and Photogrammetry Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul Phone: +90.212.285 38 22 E-mail: celikn@itu.edu.tr http://www.seddulbahir-kumkale.cjb.net/ http://www.seddulbahir-kumkale.com/ LSENOCAK@ku.edu.tr 5 ▪ HISTORY ▪ ▪ HATICE TURHAN SULTAN AND HER PATRONAGE Hatice Turhan Sultan, the haseki (favourite wife) of Sultan Ibrahim (b.1616/1640-1648) and the mother of Mehmet IV (b.1642/1648-1687), was born in 1627 in Russia. She was captured at the age of 12 during a Tartar attack and presented to Kösem Sultan, the mother of the reigning Ottoman Sultan, by Süleyman Paşa as a concubine. She was brought up by Kösem Sultan to be the haseki (favourite wife) of Sultan Ibrahim and named “Hatice Turhan”. In 1642 when Mehmet IV was born Hatice Turhan Sultan became the mother of the probable heir of Sultan Ibrahim. After the death of Sultan Ibrahim in 1648 Mehmet IV was enthroned at the age of 7, and Hatice Turhan Sultan, at age 21, became the valide sultan (the regent queen) of Mehmet IV. The ambitiousness of Kösem Sultan and the authorization of Hatice Turhan Sultan caused administrative and personal contention. In 1651, Hatice Turhan Sultan gained the loyalty of male authorities of the harem, içagaları, and led a palace coup against Kösem Sultan. The latter was assassinated and Hatice Turhan Sultan became the most powerful authority in the harem; due to her status as valide sultan, she became a major political figure in the Ottoman administration. In 1654 she appointed Köprülü Mehmet Paşa as vezir-i azam (grand vizier) and left him the administration.As a valide sultan she had begun an ambitious campaign of architectural patronage, with the repair of the existing and construction of the new Dardanelles fortifications. She had repaired Kilitbahir and Çimenlik Fortresses and decided to build up Seddülbahir and Kumkale Fortresses, in 1656 the construction of the fortresses was initiated. She commissioned a vakfiyye (foundation) with her own money for the construction. Later in 1661 she began constructing the large mosque complex in Istanbul, the Yeni Valide mosque complex of Eminönü. The foundations of the Yeni Cami complex in Eminönü were constructed by the order of Safiye Sultan, mother of Mehmet III, but discontinued after his death. With the order of Hatice Turhan Sultan the construction of the complex was completed in 1664. Hatice Turhan Sultan died in 1683 and was buried in the türbe she had built for herself in the Eminönü Yeni Cami complex. Hatice Turhan Sultan appears to be unique among Ottoman royal women in the extent to which she allocated the resources she had to the architecture of defense and specifically to the repair and construction of the fortifications on the Dardanelles. When considering the issue of gender and its impact upon the Ottoman architectural enterprise there are many questions. What, for example, were the various factors which enabled and motivated Hatice Turhan Sultan to build these fortresses? How did this imperial Ottoman woman’s attempts to legitimate her power and piety through the financing of military architecture compare to other imperial women in the early modern era, beyond the Ottoman frontiers. By placing Hatice Turhan Sultan’s early acts of architectural patronage in a comparative framework, the unique aspects of her tenure and role as valide sultan can be better understood. While other imperial Ottoman women did delve occasionally into their privy purses to pay troops or finance occasional treasury deficits, By commissioning this type of structure Hatice Turhan Sultan differs from many of her European and Islamic counterparts in the way she chose to promote and advertise her power and piety. By undertaking this particular architectural project, Hatice Turhan Sultan engaged in a highly visible and permanent act of state support and legitimized herself very early in her tenure as valide in a role usually reserved for the sultan: the defender and the protector of the empire. (For detailed information please see related publications in the Bibliography / Project Publications; Thys-Şenocak,2002 (forthcoming) and Thys-Şenocak,2000a ; in the 6 Bibliography / General Bibliography; Pierce,1993, Thys-Şenocak,2002,1999,1998,1994, Uluçay,1992a,b) ▪ ▪ SEDDÜLBAHİR FORTRESS AND ITS SITE The fortress of Seddülbahir, the “Dam of the Sea”, was built in the mid 17th century at the entrance to the Dardanelles, on the European side, across from the Kumkale Fortress, by Hatice Turhan Sultan, the mother of the Ottoman Sultan, Mehmet IV. The fortress was endowed with a mosque, a double and single hammam, housing for soldiers serving in the fortress and additional shops and markets. Initially the fortress was constructed as part of the Ottoman defense against Venetian naval incursions into the Dardanelles during the long war over Crete. Since that time it has served the Ottoman and later Turkish defense against a variety of enemies who have coveted either the strategic outlet to the Aegean or a convenient sea access to the Bosphorus and the capital of Istanbul. Seddülbahir Fortress was instrumental in the Gallipoli campaign of World War I and severely damaged by artillery fire. After World War I and the withdrawal of British troops from the Gallipoli region, fortress was returned to the Ottoman government. Until the spring of 1997 Seddülbahir Fortress was maintained as a Turkish naval outpost. The fortress of Seddülbahir, on the European side of the straits is located near the mythical site of the tomb of Protosileus, the first of Agamemnon’s soldiers to have fallen in the early days of the Trojan War. Indicated as Cape Hellas and Ertugrul Bay in the military maps of World War I, Seddülbahir is the fortress where both the French and the British staged major invasions during the Gallipoli Campaign and where today, the main memorial to the British, Australian and New Zealand forces commemorates soldiers lost during the campaign. There are war memorials in the site or close to it. The “Ilk Şehitler Anıtı” and “Ilk Şehitler Şehitligi”, memorials built for Turkish soldies who died during the first attacks in World War I, are next to the main northern wall of the fortress. “Yahya Çavuş Anıtı” and “Yahya Çavuş Şehitliği” are built on the ridges of the hills facing Cape Hellas, The Helles Memorial built for the British soldiers, is on the Gözcübaba hill again facing Cape Hellas. A small British cemetery is also still existing near the beach of Ertugrul Bay (Tekke Koyu). The fortress of Seddülbahir is situated in the small village of Seddülbahir overlooking both the Aegean Sea and the entrance to the Dardanelles. Because it was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defense until 1997, the surrounding regions have been protected as part of a national park. Relatively little development has occurred in the village but summer home developers may pose a threat to the architectural integrity of the fortress and its immediate environs if strict building codes are not enforced. Further, there is no year-round protection of the site and buildings of the fortress often become sites for waste disposal during the winter months. Original building materials such as stone, wood and iron are also being taken from the walls of the fortress, further weakening the structure. Finally, the damage caused by natural factors, such as earthquakes, severe winds and winter storms in that region pose a continual threat to the condition of the fortress and its structural stability. From the engravings of the fortress, particularly those done by Tournefort in the eighteenth century and a Venetian drawing dating to the late 17th century from the Correr Museum in Venice, there appears to be a small tower which is located just behind the area where the fortress wall would have stood. In the repair records from the eighteenth century this section of fortress is referred to as the Bab-ı Kebir, or the main gate; we can assume from this appellation that this gate was larger or perhaps more complex in plan than other gates of the fortress. Indeed later photographs of this section of the fortress, taken after the World War I campaign, show a much larger entrance complex. While it is impossible to determine with certainty the plan of this section of the fortress without excavation, it is important to consider that the entrance complex to Seddülbahir could have had affinities with the entrances at the nearby fortifications of Kilitbahir and Çimenlik 7 Kalesi. Both buildings have a larger tower at the fortress entrance along with a small mosque. If we consider that Hatice Turhan Sultan had repairs made to the Kilitbahir and Çimenlik fortresses while Seddülbahir was being built, an argument for a similarity in design of entry towers is even more plausible. In the 17th century Evliya Çelebi, along with a description of Seddülbahir reported that the Grand Vizier Mehmed Köprülü had, after the initial construction of the fortress, suggested an additional exterior wall be built to extend the boundaries of the lower fortifications further into the sea. Along with the fortress of Kumkale, which Hatice Turhan Sultan had erected directly across from Seddülbahir, this extended wall would have allowed for a better defense of the straits, or alternatively it could have served as a sea break. While Evliya Çelebi’s reporting is often problematic, we decided to look just off the shore of the fortress for traces of an additional wall. We did find evidence for an additional outer wall near the sea; it is possible that this is the additional wall that Mehmed Köprülü requested for Seddülbahir. (For detailed information please see related publications in the Bibliography / Project Publications; Cenker,2000, Thys-Şenocak,2001,2000a,b,c,1999) ▪ ▪ KUMKALE FORTRESS AND ITS SITE Kumkale Fortress was built in the mid 17th century at the entrance to the Dardanelles, on the Anatolian side, across from the Seddülbahir Fortress, by Hatice Turhan Sultan, the mother of the Ottoman Sultan, Mehmet IV. The fortress was endowed with a mosque, a double and singe hammam, housing for soldiers serving in the fortress and additional shops and markets. Initially the fortress was constructed as part of the Ottoman defense against Venetian naval invations into the Dardanelles during the long war over Crete. Since that time it has served the Ottoman and later Turkish defense against a variety of enemies who have coveted either the strategic outlet to the Aegean or a convenient sea access to the Bosphorus and the capital of Istanbul. Kumkale Fortress was instrumental in the Gallipoli campaign of World War I and severely damaged by artillery fire. After World War I and the withdrawal of French troops from the Gallipoli region, the fortress was returned to the Ottoman government. Kumkale Fortress is still operating as a naval base in “Deniz Kuvvetleri Methal ve Liman Grup Komutanlıgı” and is under the jurisdiction of the Turkish Ministry of Defense. Located five kilometers from the ancient site of Troy, Kumkale Fortress appears to have been constructed with spolia from excavations of Heinrich Schliemann during his first archaeological campaigns on the Troyan plan and from nearby sites such as Yeniköy where cut stone was readily available. In the 18th century Kumkale was reinforced by French military engineers who had been invited by the Ottoman Sultan to assist the empire in its efforts to contain Russian expansion into the warm waters of the Mediterranean. In the early 20th century Kumkale became a target of the French naval forces during the Gallipoli campaign of World War I. There are war memorials near the site. “Kumkale Şehitliği” was constructed for the Turkish soldiers who died in the naval and land warfare in World War I. Also there is a battery named “Kumkale Çakaltepe Bataryası” on the shore of Çakaltepe near Kumkale. Detailed description of the building… (For detailed information please see related publications in the Bibliography / Project Publications; Thys-Şenocak,2001,2000a,b,c,1999) ▪ ▪ REGION (For detailed information please see related publications in the Bibliography / General Bibliography; Bastiaan,2000, Boz,1998, Peace Park-Guidemap,2001, Moorehead,1956) 8 ▪ PROJECT ▪ ▪ HISTORY AND AIMS The research for the survey and documentation project was initiated in 1997 by Lucienne Thys-Şenocak from Department of History in Koç University, regarding her doctorate thesis on Hatice Turhan Sultan. At the preliminary stage the survey was planned to last one to two years, and the aim was limited. An official protocol to facilitate the cooperation between the History Department of Koç University and Geodesy Division in Geodesy and Photogrammetry Department of Istanbul Technical University was signed in 1997. As the project continued it became clear that there was a need for a thorough geodetic and architectural survey at the sites. With the completion of the geodetic maps, architectural drawings and illustrations of the fortresses in 2001, the documentation efforts and on site surveying work at Seddulbahir has moved into preparing a restoration proposal. The survey at Kumkale will be completed in 2002 season. The project that had begun in 1997 as a research project has continued and developed in several new directions. The project process began at Seddülbahir in 1997. Since 1997 in Seddülbahir, the survey and documentation on site, archival researches in various libraries and topographical and architectural drawing and modelling process in the office have continued. The completed architectural drawings, geodesic maps and researchs have been presented in many conferences and publications since 1998. Stone, mortar, metal and wood samples were taken from various parts of the fortress for laboratory analysis, the results will help us to determine the repair chronology of the fortresses. Since 1999 the focus of the project at Seddülbahir has moved from documentation of the extant remains to the preparation of a preservation and restoration proposal for the fortress and adjoining buildings. Seddülbahir was the “center piece” of an architectural project that won an international competition in 1999, sponsored by the Turkish government, for the reorganization of the Gallipoli peninsula as a national park. Located at the tip of Cape Hellas, the fortress, and the beach where it is situated, is also one of the most important sites of the Gallipoli campaign. We hope that its historical significance, both for the Ottoman past and the Turkish Republic, will become increasingly recognized by both Turkish and international community in the future. In addition to the work we were doing at Seddülbahir for the restoration proposal and the oral history project, we also received permission from both the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Defense to begin a similar type of survey at Kumkale, the other fortress built by Hatice Turhan Sultan just across the Dardanelles from Seddülbahir and currently an operating naval base. As it was constructed in the same years as Seddülbahir (1656-59), Kumkale provides important comparative data concerning architectural styles of Ottoman fortresses, building materials used and repair chronologies, hence it is fortunate that we have been able to work at both fortresses during the same seasons. In October 1999 our team was granted permission to gain access to Kumkale; we signed a three year protocol with the Ministry of Defense through 2003, we have been conducting the survey and documentation process on site since 2000. We are particularly interested in obtaining additional marble and stone samples from Kumkale as well as we would like to determine whether the Ottomans were using spolia from earlier sites in the environs of Troy to build Kumkale or whether they continued to use nearby quarries, such as Kestanbol, that had been sources of building material in much earlier Classical and Roman periods. At this point we would suggest that they were doing both but it will be very helpful to procure and test the stone, mortar, metal and wood samples of Kumkale that we have collected past two seasons. The results of these analyses will also allow us to determine more accurately the various phases of building repairs made at Kumkale since the 17th century and coordinate these results with the 9 archival information we have from the Ottoman repair records and the published data on stone and marble quarries from nearby excavations such as Troy. Since 1997 numerous Ottoman and European travellers’ descriptions and engravings of Seddülbahir and Kumkale have been collected from the archives of Istanbul, Venice, Paris, and libraries in the United States. There are many of these types of sources, particularly because of the interest that this region held for travellers to both the sites of World War I and ancient Troy. While often more imagined than accurate, these sources have facilitated our efforts to document the Ottoman sites on the Dardanelles. Finally we have accumulated a large collection of late 19th century and World War I era photographs of Seddülbahir and Kumkale which have given us a good idea of the condition of the fortresses both before they were bombarded in the war and after. The archival photos from the Imperial War Museum and the Public Records Office in London were found by Yeşim Anadol who did her independent study project at Koç University on the fortress of Seddülbahir. Lucienne Thys-Şenocak has made several research trips in 2000 and 2001 to investigate various libraries in Italy, and the military and naval archives at Chateau de Vincennes in Paris. In this latter libraries there are large collections of photographs, maps and plans of fortifications built in Turkey by French engineers since the 18th century. Finally the photographic holdings of the Islamic Research Center at Yıldız Palace in Istanbul have also been an excellent resource. One particularly valuable pre-war photograph from IRCICA’s (Research Center for Islamic History Art and Culture) collection shows the northwestern tower and western wall of Seddülbahir entirely intact and was instrumental in shaping our decision to select that section of the fortress to begin more detailed drawings, material sampling and photogrammetric measuring, all requisites for a restoration proposal. A sound restoration proposal is imperative for the proper preservation of Seddülbahir. To that end Mahir Aydın, Hasan Karataş, Yavuz Alkın and project director Lucienne ThysŞenocak have been conducting, for the past four years, research of various Ottoman records; among these are repair records (tamirat defterleri) that were compiled, often after damage by war or earthquakes in the region, so that the central government in Istanbul could keep track of costs of repairs made to various Ottoman structures throughout the empire. These records help to determine the different periods of Ottoman repair to the fortresses, the sources and nature of building supplies used by the Ottomans in this region, and provide us with information about several other aspects of structural repairs to the fortress. The archival records have also been useful as they often give the names and functions of different parts of the fortress. In summation, the repair records, along with other types of documentation, help us understand which sections of the fortress were repaired or expanded at a particular time. Along with the laboratory analyses of stone, mortar, metals and wood samples we have taken from Seddülbahir, we hope to be able to produce in the final restoration proposal a sound chronology of the various phases of construction and repair of Seddülbahir’s 350 year past. During the architectural survey and documentation process of the Ottoman fortifications at Kumkale in the summer of 2000 we realized that there was an additional wall on the eastern side of the fortress which appears to date to the 19th century and have enclosed a large residential quarter. We measured this area with GPS equipment and it will be indicated on the final plan of the Kumkale fortress. Within this region, and in the fields immediately surrounding the Ottoman buildings, we also observed that there was a great deal of late Ottoman and possibly late Byzantine ceramic and glass remains. We conducted a preliminary systematic surface survey of this section of the fortress environs as we believe it will help us to understand the nature of late Byzantine and Ottoman settlement patterns in the areas adjacent to the fortress and in the region surrounding Troy. There has been remarkably little attention paid to the late Byzantine and Ottoman past of the Troyan plain and it is our hope that we will be able to bring some expertise on Ottoman architectural and art history into our understanding of the developments that occurred in the later periods of this important region of Turkey. As plans for a national 10 park develop in this region of Turkey it is essential that both the Byzantine and the Ottoman past of the areas surrounding Troy are recognized and valued along with their Bronze Age, Classical and early Republican pasts. In 1998 the fortress of Seddülbahir was designated as the central architectural site in a state sponsored international architectural competition for the restructuring of the historical and natural resource management plan for the Gallipoli Peninsula. It is expected that Kumkale will also fall within a future government project to reorganize the park areas surrounding Troy, hence our surveying, documentation and pilot GIS project could have an impact on the future planning of this region as well. We are hopeful that with the extensive amount of the archival and on site research we have done towards the completion of the documentation for the restoration proposal, that it will be approved and we can begin to conduct a process for the preservation and restoration of the site over the next five years. (For detailed information please see related publications in the Bibliography / Project Publications; Çelik,2001, Cenker,2000, Güney,2001a,b, Duran,2002, Özöner,2001,1999, 1998, Thys-Şenocak,2001,2000a,b,c,1999) ▪ ▪ PROJECT SCHEDULE ▪ ▪ ▪ 2001 SEASON WORK DONE IN 2001 SEASON The architectural survey of Kumkale continued with GPS and total station equipment in order to make a complete check for accuracy of the present topographical map, plans and elevations of the existing structures by the survey team between 7-20 July 2001. A surface survey was conducted for ceramics at the site of Kumkale and in the adjacent fields which are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Defense (for the documentation of the ceramics please see Artifacts/Samples). Additional mortar, wood, stone, plaster, and iron samples from Kumkale buildings were taken and sent for analysis. Additional wood samples from Kumkale for comparative dendrochronology analysis, were taken few from both Seddülbahir and Kumkale. The overgrowth at the Kumkale cemetery was cleared and debris from selected tombstones was removed so that the entire epigraphic texts could be read and recorded. This cleaning activity also helped us in discovering new tombstones that were hidden by the overgrowth. The cemetery work was conducted by Hasan Karataş.The drawings of specific tombstones selected for publication were prepared by Bensen B. M. Ünlüoglu. Also an oral history project similar to the one at Seddülbahir was conducted as a part of the process of architectural and historical documentation of the site by Ceren Cenker. Part of the oral history project was also combined with the cemetery project. In this direction, the thoughts of the people in the village adjacent to cemetery were very helpful, especially when discovering the former borders of the cemetery, which were much larger than that is thought and now being used as agricultural lands. During the architectural survey and documentation process of the Ottoman fortifications at Kumkale in the summer of 2000 we realized that there was an additional wall on the eastern side of the fortress which appears to date to the nineteenth century and have enclosed a large residential quarter. In 2001 season we measured this area with GPS equipment and it will be indicated on the final plan of the Kumkale fortress. Within this region, and in the fields immediately surrounding the Ottoman buildings, we also observed that there was a great deal of late Ottoman and possibly late Byzantine ceramic and glass remains. We conducted a preliminary systematic surface survey of this section of the fortress environs as we believe it would help us to understand the nature of late 11 Byzantine and Ottoman settlement patterns in the areas adjacent to the fortress and in the region surrounding Troy. In 2001 we had hoped to measure and draw the interior of the Northwest tower at Seddülbahir. This required limited excavation to reach the original foundations of the tower interior. As we were not given permission by the Ministry of Culture to excavate in the 2001 season, we had to postpone our work on Seddülbahir to a future season. TEAM OF 2001 SEASON PROJECT DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING & GIS DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING & GIS TEAM PHOTOGRAMMETRY WORK DRAWING TEAM ORAL HISTORY TEAM CEMETERY TEAM MINISTRY OF CULTURE REPRESENTATIVE ASST. PROF. LUCIENNE THYS-ŞENOCAK ( ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIAN, KU) ASSOC. PROF. RAHMI N. ÇELIK ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. CANER GÜNEY ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. TEVFIK ÖZLÜDEMIR ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. BIHTER ÖZÖNER ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. SERDAR EROL ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. ORHAN AKYILMAZ ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, I.T.U.) SAADET KIMYON ( GEODESY STUDENT, ITU) MEHMET DUMAN (GEODESY STUDENT, ITU) KUBILAY UYLU (GEODESY STUDENT, ITU) ASSOC. PROF. DURSUN Z. ŞEKER ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) ARZU ÖZSAVAŞCI ( ARCHITECT, ITU) GÜNDER VARINLIOGLU ( ARCHITECT, UPENN.) BENSEN B. M. ÜNLÜOGLU ( ARCHAEOLOGIST, IU) RES. ASST. I. CEREN CENKER ( HISTORIAN, KU) HASAN KARATAŞ ( HISTORIAN, U.C. of BERKELEY) CELAL ÖZDEMIR (AMASYA MUSEUM) SPONSOR OF 2001 SEASON • • • Max van Berchem Foundation in Switzerland, Dr. M. Aylwin Cotton Foundation in UK, Leica Sistem Bilgisayar ve Teknik Hizmetler Sanayi AŞ. in Ankara ▪ ▪ ▪ 2000 SEASON WORK DONE IN 2000 SEASON At Seddulbahir we continued the work we have been doing since the 1999 season: measuring and preparing the detailed drawings on 1:20 scale that are required for a restoration proposal, between 19 June-4 July 2000. After clearing debris and erecting scaffolding around the northwestern tower of Seddulbahir fortress, we checked our coordinates from the measurements and plans we had made for the northwestern wall during the previous season and established a measuring system that was coordinated with the system we used the previous season. By June 30 we were able to complete all the measurements and sketches of the exterior façade of the northwestern tower so that 12 we could generate the drawings for the tower during the academic year and prepare to integrate these new plans with the ones we have of the northwestern wall. A team of archaeology students and illustrators directed by archaeologist Bensen Ünlüoglu and architect Arzu Özsavaşcı completed the detailed measuring and drawing of the northwestern tower of Seddülbahir. In addition to the measuring and drawings of the northwestern tower we also took stone , mortar, metal and wood samples from various sections of the northwestern tower. These samples were all inspected and released by the director of the archaeology museum in Çanakkale. Two larger wooded samples were left at the Çanakkale museum for the dendrochronologist Peter Kuniholm of Cornell University to identify, he determined that these were oak. All other samples are to be analysed and will help us determine the repair chronology of this section of the fortress. We completed the final interviews for the oral history project that has been conducted at Seddulbahir by Ceren Cenker. Our team completed the fourth season of the architectural survey at the Seddülbahir Fortress in the summer of 2000, and we conducted a new architectural survey at the site of Kumkale on July 2000. According to the three year protocol we have signed with the Ministry of Defense, we were given access to the site between 3-20 July. We were able to complete much more than we had hoped largely because our state of the equipment, the Leica Global Positioning System (GPS 300) and Leica Total Station (TCRA 1105), greatly facilitated the initial surveying and topographical work. We tied the coordinate system that we had been using at Seddulbahir to the one we used at Kumkale. Our data organization system GIS (Geographic Information System) is also established with this coordinate system so we have a faster and higher data quality transfer to our GIS. As with Seddulbahir GPS measurements, were taken of the entire site of Kumkale, including the cemetary adjacent to the fortress so that we could generate both a topographical map, site plan and architectural drawings based upon highly accurate geodesic measurements. As at Seddulbahir conventional measuring techniques were also used for the interiors of some structures and as a cross reference check on the GPS and total station measurements. Preliminary sketches of the entire fortress complex were made. All structures were photographed using conventional photgraphic equipments as well as digital cameras. Mortar, metal , stone plaster and limited wood samples were taken from various structures. Minimal surface pottery sherds were collected. All samples were inspected, recorded and released for analysis by the director of the Archaeology Museum in Çanakkale. The cemetary adjacent to Kumkale was documented as well as this is an integral part of the fortress complex. Topographic measurements were taken and all tombstones were marked, numbered and placed on a GPS generated map. All headstones and some of the footstones were photographed and the epigraphic content read and documented. All this data is currently being scanned into our GIS based program at Istanbul Technical University and is referred to the Kumkale Cemetery Pilot GIS Application. This GIS program uses AutoCAD Map software and is based in the project computer at Istanbul Technical University’s Geodesy Division. TEAM OF 2000 SEASON PROJECT DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING & GIS DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING & GIS TEAM ASST. PROF. LUCIENNE THYS-ŞENOCAK (ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIAN, KU) ASSOC. PROF. RAHMI N. ÇELIK ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. CANER GÜNEY ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. BIHTER ÖZÖNER ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. TEVFIK ÖZLÜDEMIR ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. SERDAR EROL ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY 13 PHOTOGRAMMETRY WORK DRAWING TEAM ORAL HISTORY TEAM CEMETERY TEAM ARCHIVAL WORK ADDITIONAL PHOTOGRAPHER MINISTRY OF CULTURE REPRESENTATIVE ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. ORHAN AKYILMAZ ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) ASSOC. PROF. DURSUN Z. ŞEKER ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) GÜNDER VARINLIOGLU ( ARCHITECT, UPENN.) BENSEN B. M. ÜNLÜOGLU ( ARCHAEOLOGIST, IU) ARZU OZSAVAŞCI ( ARCHITECT, ITU) GUNŞIL KILIÇ (ARCHAEOLOGY STUDENT, IU) SEMIHA OKAN ( ARCHAEOLOGY STUDENT, IU) I. CEREN CENKER ( HISTORIAN, KU) HASAN KARATAŞ ( HISTORIAN, BU) YESIM ANADOL (HISTORIAN, YTU) MURAT ÇAVDAR YAVUZ ÖZDEMIR SPONSOR OF 2000 SEASON • • • • • National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) in U.S.A Max van Berchem Foundation in Switzerland Koç-Fiat Reseach Fund from Koç University in Istanbul American Research Center (ARIT) in Istanbul Leica Sistem Bilgisayar ve Teknik Hizmetler Sanayi AŞ in Ankara ▪ ▪ ▪ 1999 SEASON WORK DONE IN 1999 SEASON In June and July of 1999 our team continued the architectural and topographical survey and archival work in Seddülbahir. We also took the initial steps for the preparation of a restoration proposal; preparation of more detailed drawings of a particular section of the fortress. In Seddülbahir we selected the section of the fortress wall which stretches between the Village Tower and area referred to in the 18th century as the Bab-I-Kebir, the area is where we believe the original entrance complex to the fortress was located but is now largely destroyed. The photographic documentation we have for this section of the fortress, particularly its interior, dates to 1915, and was taken during the conquest of Seddulbahir in the Gallipoli campaign, hence we have a fairly good idea of what the late 19th century early 20th century phase of this wall of the fortress must have looked like, complete with its crenellations. A survey and scaled drawings of buildings or components, on a scale of 1:20, was made with a traditional measuring system of the eastern and western facades of this sections of the north defense wall. Also the measurements of the previous year were checked, in order to make the revisions in the drawings of the previous year. The survey team began by checking the surveying coordinates from the 1998 season. The surveying work that has been done in the project to date has been conducted with state of the art surveying instruments, such as Leica GPS ( Global Positioning System) receivers, and total stations capable of measuring without reflectors. By employing the most recent GPS technology and conventional measuring techniques, the degree of accuracy in our measurements for the fortress has been significantly increased. Architectural drawings of all structures at Seddulbahir were made according to the precise geodesic measurements procured; this data, along with the positional, graphic and historical documentation related to the project are all being integrated into the GIS we have established for the project. 14 An additional aspect of our survey in 1999 was an oral history project we started in Seddulbahir, undertaken by Ceren Cenker. Since we began this architectural survey, our team has come to know many of the residents of the village and we have become increasingly aware of how significant a role Seddulbahir has played in the lives and the memories of the community that lives there. As we continue with this aspect of the survey, recording the many legends and memories of those who have passed their lives in and around the fortress, we tap into yet another type of historical source—which along with the material remains, the archival and the photographic – all assist us in our efforts to better understand the evolution of Seddülbahir and what steps we can and should take for its preservation. TEAM OF 1999 SEASON PROJECT DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING & GIS DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING & GIS TEAM PHOTOGRAMMETRY WORK DRAWING TEAM ORAL HISTORY TEAM ARCHIVAL WORK MINISTRY OF CULTURE REPRESENTATIVE ASST. PROF. LUCIENNE THYS-ŞENOCAK (ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIAN, KU) ASST. PROF. RAHMI N. ÇELIK ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. CANER GÜNEY ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. BIHTER ÖZÖNER ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. TEVFIK ÖZLÜDEMIR ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. SERDAR EROL ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. ORHAN AKYILMAZ ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, I.T.U.) ASST. PROF. DURSUN Z. ŞEKER ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) GÜNDER VARINLIOGLU ( ARCHITECT, UPENN.) ARZU ÖZTURK ( ARCHITECT, ITU) BENSEN B. M. ÜNLÜOGLU ( ARCHAEOLOGIST, IU) I. CEREN CENKER ( HISTORIAN, KU) YESIM ANADOL (HISTORIAN, YTU) FUNDA KÖRPE (ÇANAKKALE ARCHAEOLOGY MUSEUM) SPONSOR OF 1999 SEASON • • • • • National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) in U.S.A Max van Berchem Foundation in Switzerland Koç-Fiat Reseach Fund from Koç University in Istanbul American Research Center (ARIT) in Istanbul Leica Sistem Bilgisayar ve Teknik Hizmetler Sanayi AŞ in Ankara ▪ ▪ ▪ 1998 SEASON WORK DONE IN 1998 SEASON The survey that began in 1997 summer in Seddülbahir was completed in the summer season of 1998. Using a Total Station, GPS, and photogrammetric camera, the team successfully completed a survey of the remains of Seddülbahir on the European side of the Dardanelles. All sections of the fortress were photographed. Preliminary topographical maps and axonometric view of the fortress, plans and elevations of the fortress walls, towers, and the two baths immediately outside the fortress were prepared by the project architect Günder Varinlioglu. As Seddülbahir had been under the jurisdiction 15 of the Turkish military since World War I , the topographical and architectural plans we have completed were the first plans of this fortress to be made. Thus the first aim of the project has been met successfully. TEAM OF 1998 SEASON PROJECT DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING TEAM PHOTOGRAMMETRY WORK DRAWING TEAM OTTOMAN ARCHIVAL WORK PHOTOGRAPHIC ARCHIVAL WORK MINISTRY OF CULTURE REPRESENTATIVE ASST. PROF. LUCIENNE THYS-ŞENOCAK (ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIAN, KU) ASST. PROF. RAHMI N. ÇELIK ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. TEVFIK ÖZLÜDEMIR ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. SERDAR EROL ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. BIHTER ÖZÖNER ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) CANER GÜNEY ( GEODESY STUDENT, ITU) ORHAN AKYILMAZ ( GEODESY STUDENT, ITU) ASST. PROF. DURSUN Z. ŞEKER ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) GÜNDER VARINLIOGLU ( ARCHITECT, BILKENT U.) MAHIR AYDIN ( HISTORIAN, IU) YESIM ANADOL ( HISTORIAN, KU) ASUMAN GÜNGÖR (BURSA MUSEUM) SPONSOR OF 1998 SEASON • • Koç-Fiat Reseach Fund from Koç University in Istanbul Leica Sistem Bilgisayar ve Teknik Hizmetler Sanayi AŞ in Ankara ▪ ▪ ▪ 1997 SEASON WORK DONE IN 1997 SEASON On site surveying of the project began in the summer of 1997, in Seddülbahir shortly after the fortress was demilitarized. Using a Total Station, GPS, and photogrammetric camera, the team organized and began a survey of the remains of Sedulbahir on the European side of the Dardanelles. Photogrammetric work was also conducted on several sections of the fortress. All sections of the fortress were photographed. Measuring and documentation work was concentrated in the lower southern section of the fortress and along the northern wall of the upper section of the fortress. Little remains of the south western wall of the fortress which faced the sea as this was heavily bombarded in April 1915 during the Gallipoli campaign of World War I. Sections of the north wall, including the two towers at either ends of this wall were still standing but taking measurements along the central section of this proved particularly challenging because the incline separating the upper and lower sections of the fortress was more acute in this area and because a more recent war memorial had been erected in this area. During the on-site survey, the archival data that had been collected previously was examined and we began to determine how we could use these historical resources to determine both the original plan of Seddülbahir and the various changes that had been made to the structure since the 17th century. Information related to the founding of 16 Seddülbahir, the types of buildings that were erected in the fortress and the source of income for the building and upkeep of the structure can be found in the foundation document, or vakfiyye, now in the Süleymaniye Library of Istanbul. Other archival sources which provide information related to the original expenses and construction of the fortress are in the Başbakanlık Arşivi Maliye Defterleri. For repairs of Seddülbahir, the numerous repair records, or tamirat defterleri, are useful for understanding the types and origins of building materials used to repair or expand the fortress, the cost of materials and often the function of towers or rooms located in the structure. Ottoman chroniclers such as Evliya Çelebi, and Naima Efendi left important accounts of the building or repairs made to the fortress; European travelers frequently made several drawings or engravings of the fortress as they passed through the Dardanelles on the journey to the Ottoman capital. Finally several photographs from the archives at IRCICA (Research Center for Islamic History, Art and Culture) in Yildiz Palace in Istanbul and the Public Records Office and the Imperial War Museum in London were collected and provide valuable visual documentation of the state of Seddülbahir both before and after the 1915 bombardment. After the summer work season in Seddülbahir; the team decided to apply for a survey to create an accurate set of drawings for the fortress of Kumkale, the Ottoman fortification that was built just across from Seddülbahir on the Asian coast of the Dardanelles in the 17th century, again by Hatice Turhan Sultan. This project would be a continuation of the survey of Sedulbahir, the 17th century Ottoman fortress constructed by the same patron, on the European side of the Dardanelles. TEAM OF 1997 SEASON PROJECT DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING DIRECTOR LAND SURVEYING TEAM PHOTOGRAMMETRY WORK DRAWING TEAM OTTOMAN ARCHIVAL WORK PHOTOGRAPHIC ARCHIVAL WORK MINISTRY OF CULTURE REPRESENTATIVE ASST. PROF. LUCIENNE THYS-ŞENOCAK (ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIAN, KU) ASST. PROF. RAHMI N. ÇELIK ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. TEVFIK ÖZLÜDEMIR ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) RES. ASST. SERDAR EROL ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) BIHTER ÖZÖNER ( GEODESY STUDENT, ITU) CANER GÜNEY ( GEODESY STUDENT, ITU) ORHAN AKYILMAZ ( GEODESY STUDENT, ITU) ASST. PROF. DURSUN Z. ŞEKER ( GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY ENGINEER, ITU) GÜNDER VARINLIOGLU ( ARCHITECT, BILKENT U.) MAHIR AYDIN ( HISTORIAN, IU) YESIM ANADOL ( HISTORIAN, KU) ASUMAN GÜNGÖR (BURSA MUSEUM) SPONSOR OF 1997 SEASON • • Koç-Fiat Reseach Fund from Koç University in Istanbul Leica Sistem Bilgisayar ve Teknik Hizmetler Sanayi AŞ in Ankara 17 ▪ SURVEY ▪ ▪ AREA OF THE SURVEY AND AIMS The aim of the survey is to obtain accurate topographical and architectural measurements of the fortresses of Seddülbahir and Kumkale built in the mid 17th century at the entrance to the Dardanelles. The location of the fortresses is approximately 26°.199 EITRF and 41°.006 NITRF. The survey is a joint project between Koç University’s Department of History and Istanbul Technical University’s Geodesy Division in Geodesy and Photogrammetry Department. The surveying work was conducted by Assoc. Prof. Rahmi N. Çelik (land surveying and GIS director), Res. Asst. Tevfik Özlüdemir, Res. Asst. Serdar Erol, Res. Asst. Bihter Özöner, Res. Asst. Caner Güney and Res. Asst. Orhan Akyılmaz. Assoc. Prof. Dursun Zafer Şeker from the Photogrammetry Division of the same department of Istanbul Technical University was responsible for the photogrammetric work. Preliminary goal of the project is the production of the topographical maps and architectural drawings and models through the collected data which will be used as to formulate a base for a Geographic Information System (GIS) database. ▪ ▪ SURVEYING METHODS As first step of the surveying surveyed area was visited to determine what would be measured and which survey techniques would be used, depending on the topography and the structures of the fortresses before beginning geodetic measurements of both fortresses. Many photographs were taken and digital images recorded during these surveying trips. Based on these investigations we determined out surveying plans, methods and the equipment to be used. 6 main control points in Seddülbahir and 4 main control points in Kumkale were positioned with the GPS (Global Positioning System) technique. The positions of the main control points were determined using GPS static survey and were applied at two hour interval. After processing these sets of data WGS84 coordinates of the main control points were obtained. The networks for both fortresses connected Turkish National Fundamental Network (TUTGA) by means of a TUTGA point which is around of the fortress of Kumkale with GPS survey with a 2-hour period. The datum of TUTGA is International Terrestrial Reference Frame-Epoch1996 (ITRF96). Henceforth the coordinates of approximately 15,000 points obtained from the result of processing all kind of geodetic survey computed as the Gauss-Kruger coordinates with central meridian 27° and zone with 3° in the datum of ITRF96. The topographical maps, digital terrain models, architectural drawings and models, etc. were produced based on these grid coordinates. 3D (three-dimensional) positions of traverse points in the control nets were determined using Real Time GPS surveys, particularly Stop and Go method. Some traverse points within the towers, rooms and other structures were measured with TPS system, with Total Station (Tacheometrical Object Oriented Partly Automated Laser Surveying). 60 control points, main control points and traverse points together, in Kumkale and 40 control points in Seddülbahir were positioned in this way. The borders of surveying areas were measured and DTMs (Digital Terrain Model) were generated using Real Time Kinematic GPS survey to display the topography of fortresses' areas. The 3D information on landscape of surveying zones was finally realized. The object or detail points on the structures of fortresses were measured from the traverse points using the Total Station. More than two thousands points in each fortress were measured with the Total Station to produce a geodesic map of the site and the architectural drawings of the present situation of the fortresses. In each fortress 18 approximately 8000 building detail points with TPS and 18000 points with GPS were measured. During the survey itself it is common to take multiple sightings of various kinds of details of the structure or monument, such as details of the defense walls, towers and other components of the structure. This makes the later reconstruction of the wall on the computer screen more straightforward. At the same time, one of the field surveyors makes a sketch of the surveyed area including required details to percieve and draw, noting the surveyed point number given by the chief surveyor on the drawing, along with the feature codes and other relevant information. Hand-written and organized notes, detailed sketches and photographs are absolutely necessary to provide details of each building, grave, or monument. At the end of the day's work data is transferred to the notebook, then the collected data is checked and edited using AutoCAD Land Development Desktop. Some walls, at Kumkale , such as the mosque wall and hamam (Turkish bath) wall, were also measured with terrestrial photogrammetric technique. Properly distributed many control points on the walls were pointed out using conventional methods and photographed by the Mamia camera. Using high accuracy control points positioned with TCRA 1105 total station the photogrammetric models and plans of the walls were produced. The surveying work that has been done in the project to date has been conducted with state of the art surveying instruments, such as GPS ( Global Positioning System) receivers, and total stations capable of measuring without reflectors. Data collection in the field was done using several different GPS techniques, including Static, Kinematic, RealTime Kinematic GPS as well as conventional techniques. By employing the most recent GPS technology and conventional measuring techniques, the degree of accuracy in our measurements for the fortress has been significantly increased. Further, terrestrial photogrammetric work has been conducted at Seddulbahir to collect additional information about the stuctures comprising the fortifications and to examine the various degrees of accuracy between measurements of buildings generated using photgrammetric techniques and those generated by conventional methods. The 3D coordinate system used in this surveying project is based upon the GPS coordinate system which is founded upon the WGS84( World Geodesic System 1984). (This is not the same coordinate system that is used in Turkey which is the Turkish 2D Coordinate system based upon ED20 with the height system based on mean at sea level. Using a transformation parameter these coordinates are easily converted.) All data in the field was therefore collected directly in WSGS84; as our GIS setup is established on this coordinate system we can expect a faster and higher quality data transfer to our GIS. Architectural drawings of all structures at Seddulbahir were made according to the precise geodesic measurements procured ; this data, along with the positional, graphic and historical documentation related to the Seddulbahir- Kumkale project are all being integrated into the GIS. At the beginning of the measurement, a main triangulation frame was established and the points were positioned with GPS. The topographic details, which were going to be used to prepare the digital terrain model, were used with GPS in Kinematic mode. The first step is to determine the accuracy required for the project and then choose the suitable equipment. In the project, we preferred Leica GPS System 300 equipment whose baseline accuracy up to 3mm + 0.5ppm in the static survey mode with post processing and up 10 to 20mm + 1ppm in kinematic survey. The terrestrial measurement instrument used in the project is Leica TCRA 1105 total station. The factory specifications of the TCRA 1105 include an accuracy in angle measurements of 5 seconds of one degree. We discovered that Leica TCRA 1105 is a very versatile, user friendly and efficient total station for high precision surveying. With the capacity to do reflectorless measurement 19 across obstacles, the Leica TCRA can do the job quickly, conveniently and precisely. The reflectorless measuring technique with a visible laser dot offers obvious advantages and increases productivity. The reflectorless measurement of distance with the laser of the TCRA is a real advantage, particularly for measuring the objects that are accessible only with difficulty or not at all. Considering that the surfaces of historical walls are often not even surfaces the performance of TCRA reflectorless mode was extremely good. Reflectorless measuring was not affected much where the target point, was relatively high or low. It was clear to us that the measurements we had taken of tall structures were perfect. After seeing the measured point distribution and generating the figures in AutoCAD Land Development Desktop. The laser plummet of TCRA 1105 is very versatile for easy centring of the instrument over the ground point. Particularly the 3D-laser scanner specification of TCRA made the work of the surveying team easier. In the survey process; in GPS surveying Leica GPS System 300, in TPS surveying Leica TCRA 1105, TCR 1800, TCR 307 TOTAL Stations, CCD Camera for Photogrammetry, as surveying software SKI 2.3 GPS and AutoCAD Land Development Desktop programs were used. (For detailed information please see related publications in the Bibliography / Project Publications; Çelik,2001, Güney,2001c,2000, Özöner,2001,1999,1998, ThysŞenocak,2000b ; in the Bibliography / General Bibliography; Duran,2001) ▪ GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) ▪ ▪ WHAT IS GIS? GIS can be thought as a modern archiving method but the difference from the old archiving method is that “information” will not stay at the dusty shelves of the archives and anyone, who wants to learn about his heritage, will be able to reach the information. The scientists, researchers and the personal users will be able to study in more comfortable and convenient information environment. GIS is necessary for bringing all kinds of historic data to serve constantly in the future. The three-dimensional position is one of the most important components of a geographical information system. Even more, it can be said that, “GIS can not exist without spatial data”. This fact can be understood easily because of the “Geography” word in GIS. The precision of position is determined by the aims of GIS. However, the position is the work of a Geodesist. The relation between the researcher and the geodesist can be handled in this manner. The information brought by the researcher and the geodesist appears to gather in an organized, practical and interactive GIS platform. Development of the GIS application of the fortresses is basically a three-step process. The first step is to create 3D digital map coverages of the site and the architectural plans of the historical structures. The second step is to gather all known information about each resource (historical attributes related to spatial information and current information about the existing circumstances) and store it in one place for quick and easy retrieval. The third step is to integrate graphical data with these attributes. The project team has been using a vector GIS running AutoCAD Land Development Desktop and AutoCAD Map software to generate the data needed to create a GIS of these Ottoman fortresses with a plan to expand the system to incorporate data from other fortresses in the region. The engineering-oriented GIS application combines layers of information involving topography (contours, DEM, DTM), planimetric data (monuments, roads, trees, seacoast), architectural data (the 2D and 3D architectural drawings of existing structures), land use (residential, agricultural, plants), utilities (water and sewer installations, heat system), cadastral data (ownership), historical data, (art history, written history, oral 20 history), archaeological data and past illustrations (historic maps, drawings), residential, natural reserves and defensive considerations. Interpreting the interplay of these multiple thematic layers of information related to these and their various permutations may reveal identifiable patterns that reflect actual human behavioural patterns and choices. ▪ ▪ GIS APPLICATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THIS PROJECT In this project GIS technology has also been chosen as a pilot application for the documentation of the historical site. The GIS project has been generated wıth a cross disciplinary approach which integrates information and research from a variety of other fields including, geodesy, land surveying, photogrammetry, architecture, archaeology, art history and oral history. Now that all topographic maps, architectural plans have been generated for the two sites and a substantial amount of historical information about the fortresses has been collected a base for GIS (Geographic Information System) is in the process of being developed at ITU’s geodesy dept. With this type of GIS database further research and comparative analyses can be performed more effectively, accurately and visually. As one of the essential requirements of GIS is accurate spatial data a primary goal of the project was to create a complete and accurate set of maps of both fortresses and their environs. Photographs have been taken and then converted into orthogonal images with the help of ARC/INFO GIS software. Photographs were converted into orthogonal images with the help of ARC/INFO. These orthogonal images are used in the CAD software and details are drawn. The same photographs have been evaluated and two different outputs were compared. The aim of this study is testing this method for documenting smooth surfaces such as walls. The goal of the project is explore the documentation of two Ottoman Fortresses using multimedia supported Geographic Information System (GIS). Primary purpose of developing GIS of the fortresses is to make the researchers in the project team much more effective, visualize, fast, and easy. With this type of information and data management system both the present situation of the fortresses and the condition of the fortresses in the past can be recorded and the architectural changes from 17th century to present day can be determined more efficiently. Natural, economical, social, and political events, which have caused structural changes to the fortresses and surrounding buildings and environs, can be researched. Additionally it is expected that in the future GIS will facilitate development of continuous site management process at Seddülbahir. One of the essential requirements of GIS is accurate spatial data; hence, the geodetic network was designed and established covering the entire area of the fortresses and their environs to produce a complete and accurate set of maps and architectural drawings and models of both fortresses. From the beginning two different types of geodetic measurement methods, which consist of satellite and conventional measurements, have been used together to increase accuracy. These two techniques have supported each other, thus measurements can be accomplished in a shorter time and with fewer staff. Working in one common coordinate system (TUTGA) even using different techniques is decreasing the computation for transformation between different coordinate systems. Comparison of the historical sites is thus relatively easy and all calculations can be done without any datum transformation. Photographs related to the study areas have been taken with Mamiya RB67 camera. Among the goals of the documentation project is to serve the documentation of the fortresses using GIS with the support of multimedia techniques for the both visitors who are interested in the historical background of the fortresses and future organizations who will preserve the sites. With this type of data system both the present situation of the fortresses and the condition of the fortresses in the past can be recorded and the architectural changes from the 17th century to the present day can be determined more efficiently. Using the GIS technology the ability to access historical information about the 21 fortresses will be greatly faciliated. The multidisciplinar project integrates knowledge and research from a variety of other disciplines such as; geodesy, land surveying, photogrammetry, architecture, archaeology, art history, and oral history. This type of data management and the manipulation system for historical sites is relatively new in Turkey and could have a wider application for the management of the future cultural sites in Gallipoli Park region. (For detailed information please see related publications in the Bibliography / Project Publications; Güney,2001a,b, Duran,2002 ; in the Bibliography / General Bibliography; Oswald,1996) ▪ ▪ KUMKALE CEMETERY The first step of the GIS for the fortresses was a pilot project using the materials of the Kumkale cemetery. The cemetery is located approximately 750 meters from the fortress and the adjacent fields that were once the site of the village of Kumkale. After determining the border of the cemetery with real-time kinematic GPS technique, all remaining 276 tombstones were measured with GPS using real-time stop and go method. All spatial information first has been drawn in AutoCAD Land Development Desktop and then attribute information such as the epigraphic data of the tombstones has been assigned the positions of the stones using AutoCAD Map. ▪ ORAL HISTORY ▪ ▪ AREA OF THE WORK AND AIMS An additional part of the project that developed in the 1999 and 2000 seasons at Seddülbahir was an oral history of the village. The oral history project was initiated by project director Lucienne Thys-Şenocak and her student I. Ceren Cenker of Central European University. The preliminary results were presented this past summer in the International Oral History Conference held in Istanbul in June 2000. Cenker received, in November 2000, an honorable mention for the paper she wrote on this project in a competition for young historians that was sponsored by the History Foundation of Turkey. A more complete version of the conference paper is currently being prepared for publication by Lucienne Thys-Şenocak and I. Ceren Cenker. It has been a most informative and very rewarding part of the whole project. Since we began the architectural survey, our team has come to know many of the residents of Seddülbahir village and we became increasing aware of how significant role the fortress has played in the lives and in the memories of the community that lives there. From many of the older members of the community we learned of great grandparents who had resided within the walls of the fortress itself and how its lively market quarter and cosmopolitan nature gave it the nickname of Little Istanbul. Some of the village elders had completed military service in the fortress after World War I; from them we learned of the function and location of structures such as the hospital and fountain just outside the fortress walls, both bombed beyond recognition during the Gallipoli campaign. As we continue with this aspect of the project, recording the many memories of those who have lived their lives in and around the fortress, we tap into yet another type of historical source which, along with the material remains, the archival and the photographic, assist us in our efforts to better understand the evolution of Seddülbahir and the steps we can and should take for its preservation. Our oral history project at Seddulbahir has documented the narratives of diverse voices, from a elderly woman who lived through the Allied attack upon the fortress during the Gallipoli campaign of World War I , to retired soldiers who grew up in the village and served in the fortress during the Republican period. In addition to providing us with information about the use and reuse of space within the fortress, the current residents of 22 Seddulbahir have voiced several ideas about the restoration of the fortress and concerns related to the impact of the Gallipoli Peace Park Project and a proposed bridge across the Dardanelles. It is our hope that the oral history project at Seddulbahir will, in addition to providing us with information directly related to the physical remains of the fortress, also facilitate the participation of the residents in the plans for the restoration and reuse of this important site. ▪ ▪ METHODS (For detailed information please see related publications in the Bibliography / Project Publications; Cenker,2001; in the Bibliography / General Bibliography; Portelli,1995, Yow,1994) ▪ CEMETERY ▪ ▪ AREA OF THE WORK AND AIMS The Kumkale cemetery located approximately 750 meters from the fortress and the adjacent fields which were once the site of the village of Kumkale. Because Kumkale is still a Turkish naval base operating under the auspices of the Ministry of Defense, it does not fall under the same protective laws. Therefore, in addition to completing our preliminary architectural and topographic survey of the fortress and its immediate environs, the GPS generated plan of the cemetery as well as an entire epigraphic documentation of all remaining 287 tombstones, we initiated discussions with local government officials in the city of Kumkale to assess the kind of protective measures that can be taken to halt the theft of tombstones in the Kumkale cemetery. The fortress itself is protected, at least from vandalism and theft, as it is an operating naval base and there is no public access to this site, bu the cemetery is not adequately protected. ▪ ▪ METHODS After determining the border of the cemetery with real-time kinematic GPS technique, all remaining 276 tombstones were measured with GPS using real-time stop and go method. All spatial information first has been drawn in AutoCAD Land Development Desktop and then attribute information such as the epigraphic data of the tombstones has been assigned the positions of the stones using AutoCAD Map. The first step of the GIS for the fortresses was a pilot project using the materials of the Kumkale cemetery. Then all the headstones and certain footstones that have particular engravings and meanings were numbered as 1 to 287. However, due to the overgrowth in the site some tombstones remained concealed. These tombstones were discovered in the second, third and finally in the last re-scanning period in the summer 2001, and numbered according to their scanning periods as 500’s, 600’s, 700’s, 800’s and 900’s. After this numbering activity, the epigraphic content of the tombstones was being deciphered and recorded. And lastly, the photographs of every each tombstone were taken by Assoc. Prof. Dursun Zafer Seker and Ceren Cenker, in colored and white-black forms. The typical tombstones were selected and drawn by Bensen Ünlüoglu on site. Currently, various indexes are being prepared in order to make the data more comprehensible. 23 ▪ BIBLIOGRAPHY ▪ ▪ PROJECT PUBLICATIONS, ARTICLES AND CHAPTERS • CELIK, R. N., Güney, C., Özöner, B., Erol, S., Akyilmaz, O., 2001; “Precise Geodetic Measurements of Historical Sites in Çanakkale”, Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium “Turkish-German Joint Geodetic Days”, Berlin, April 3-6, Vol. 2, pp. 607-614. • CENKER, I. Ceren- L. Thys-Şenocak, 2000; “If these walls could talk… Different Voices: The Fortress of Seddulbahir”, Proceedings of the XI. İnternational Oral Historians Congress, Istanbul, June 2000, pp. 708-714. • GUNEY, Caner, 2001; “Çoğul Ortam Destekli Bilgi Sistemi Uygulaması: Osmanlı Kaleleri Bilgi Sistemi”, Sanal Gazete Monthly Magazine, Istanbul, December, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 13, ISSN 1301-0190. • GUNEY, C., Özöner, B., Duman, M., Uylu, K., Celik, R. N., 2001; “MM-CBS’nin Tarihi Dokümantasyon Çalışmasına Uygulanması”, Proceedings of “Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri Bilişim Günleri”, Istanbul, November 13-14. • GUNEY, C., 2001; Internal Report of Division of Geodesy at Istanbul Technical University, September. • GUNEY, C., 2000; Internal Report of Division of Geodesy at Istanbul Technical University, September. • DURAN, Z., Güney, C., Seker, D. Z., Toz, G., 2002, “Using GIS Technology for the Documentation of Historical Monuments”, Proceedings of the XXII Congress of International Federation of Surveyors “Turkish-German Joint Geodetic Days”, Washington, April 19-26. • OZONER, B., Celik, R. N., Güney, C., Erol, S., Akyilmaz, O., 2001; “Geodetic Measurements in Historical Sites”, Proceedings of International Symposium and Exhibition “Geodetic, Photogrammetric and Satellite Technologies – Development and Integrated Application”, Sofia, November 8-9, pp. 414-418. • OZONER, B., Celik, R. N., 1999; “High Technology Saves History, An Example: Seddülbahir Fortress”, Proceedings of the Third International Symposium “TurkishGerman Joint Geodetic Days”, Istanbul, June 1-4, Vol. 2, pp. 615-623. • OZONER, B., 1998; Anıtların Dökümantasyon Ölçmelerinde GPS ve Elektronik Takeometrenin Entegrasyonu, Undergraduate Diploma Project, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey, Istanbul, June 8, pp. 83. • SAGIROGLU, L. T., Yamaç, M., 2001; Kumkale’nin Jeodezik Ölçme Yöntemleri ile Dokümantasyonu, Undergraduate Diploma Project, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey, Istanbul, June 8, pp.55. • SAHIN, C., Reşitoğlu, B., 2001; Kumkale Mezarlığı Mezarlık Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi, Undergraduate Diploma Project, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey, Istanbul, June 8, pp.103. • THYS-ŞENOCAK, Lucienne, 2002; Turhan Sultan: The Architectural Patronage of a Valide Sultan, forthcoming for Ashgate Press.. 24 • THYS-ŞENOCAK, Lucienne, 2001; “Kumkale ve Seddülbahir Osmanlı Kaleleri”, Cogito, No.28, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Istanbul, pp.274-282. • THYS-ŞENOCAK, Lucienne, 2000; “Bir Valide Sultan’ın Himayesinde Seddülbahir ve Kumkale”, Osmanlı Mimarlığı’nın 7 Yüzyılı:Uluslarüstü bir Miras, Mimarlar Odası/Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Istanbul, pp.112-117. (In English edition the article is named as “Seddülbahir and Kumkale: The Architectural Patronage of a Valide Sultan”) • THYS-ŞENOCAK, Lucienne, 2000; “The Architectural Survey of the Ottoman Fortress of Seddülbahir”, 17. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, 1. Cilt, T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı Anıtlar ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara, pp.155-162. • THYS-ŞENOCAK, Lucienne, 2000; “Ottoman Architecture and the Politics of Display”, Renaissance Society of America Annual Conference, Florence, March 11-15, 2000. • THYS-ŞENOCAK, Lucienne, 1999; “The Ottoman Fortresses of Seddülbahir and Kumkale”, Essays in Honour of Abdullah Kuran-Abdullah Kuran için Yazılar içinde, haz. Ç. Kafesçioğlu ve L. Thys-Şenocak, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Istanbul, pp.311-323. ▪ ▪ ARCHIVES RESEARCHED IN THE PROJECT PROCESS • • • • • • • • Hatice Turhan Sultan Vakıfnamesi, Süleymaniye Library of Istanbul, Türkiye Başbakanlık Arşivleri Maliye Defterleri, Ankara, Türkiye IRCICA (The Research Center for Islamic History, Art and Culture), Istanbul, Türkiye Public Records Office, London, UK Imperial War Museum, London, UK Military and Naval Archives at the Chateau Vincennes in Paris, France Library of Congress, Washington DC, USA Correr Museum, Venice, Italy ▪ ▪ GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY • Architectural Heritage: Inventory and Documentation Methods in Europe, proceedings of European colloquy organised by the Council of Europe and the French Ministry for Education and Culture , Nantes, 28-31 October,1992. • AHUNBAY, Zeynep, 1996; Tarihi Çevre Koruma ve Restorasyon, YEM Yayınları, Istanbul. • AHUNBAY, Zeynep, 1995; “Surlar Nasıl Korunmalı?”, Istanbul , No.13, Istanbul, pp.73-77. • AKIN, Gunkut., B. Tanju, U. Tanyeli, 2000; “How to choose Scarpa? –The Concept of Reevaluation and Comparing Old with New”, Domus M, No.8, December-January, pp.60-67. • ASHURST, John, F.G. Dimes, 1998; Conservation of Building & Decorative Stone, Butterworth-Heinemann Series in Conservation and Museology, paperback edition (original edition in 1990, two volumes). • 9000 Years of the Anatolian Women, Turkish Republic Ministry of Culture Prints, Topkapı Palace Museum Collection, Istanbul 1993-94. • BASTIAAN, Ross J., 2000; Gallipoli Plaques, A Guide to the Anzac Battlefield, published on behalf of the Gallipoli Plaques Project by Conross Pty. Ltd. İn Australia, Ankara. 25 • BAŞGELEN, Nezih, 1993; Çağlar Boyunca Anadoluda Duvar, Türk Ytong Sanayi ve Arkeoloji Sanat Yayınları Ortak Yayını, Istanbul. • BECKMANN, Paul, 1995; Structural Aspects of Building Conservation, Mc Graw-Hill Publications, New York. • Structural Conservation of Stone Masonry, ICCROM Rome, 1990. • BOZ, Ekrem, 1998; Adım Adım Çanakkale Savaş Alanları, Çanakkale. • DURAN, Z. and Toz, G., 2001; Obtaining 3D Information of Historical Monuments by Means of Photogrammetry, Proceedings of Fourth International Symposium ”TurkishGerman Joint Geodetic Days”, Berlin, Vol.1, pp. 277-285. • Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi, 1995; Topkapı Sarayı Bağdat 304 Yazmasının Transkripsiyonu, Haz: Orhan Şaik Gökyay, Yapı Kredi Yayınları, Istanbul. • FEILDEN, Bernard M., 1994; Conservation of Histroric Buildings, ButterworthHeinemann Publications, New York. • FITCH, James M., 1990; Historic Preservation, Curatorial Management of the Built World, University Press of Virginia. • Peace Park - Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park Guidemap, Ministry of Forestry, General Directorate of National Parks sponsored Middle East Technical University Publication, 1st edition April 2001, Ankara. • GOODWIN, Godfrey, 1971; A History of Ottoman Architecture,Thomas and Hudson Prints, London. • MOORE, Arthur C., 1998; The Powers of Preservation - New Life for Urban Historic Places, Mc Graw-Hill Publications, New York. • MOOREHEAD, Alan, 1956; Gallipoli, Harper&Brothers Publications, New York. • ORSNER, Charles E., B. Fagan, 1995; Historical Archaeology, Harper Collins, New York. • OSWALD, A.,1996; Restoring a Thirteen Century Castle Wall Using GIS, Arc News, Vol.18, No.3, pp.26. • PIERCE, L., 1993; The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire, Oxford Press. • PORTELLI, Alessandro, 1995; The Death of Luigi Trastulli: Form and Meaning in Oral History, Albany NY: SUNY Press, NY 1995:45-58. • STRIKE, James, 1994; Architecture in Conservation, Routledge Publications, N.Y. • Surveying and Documentation of Historic Buildings – Monuments – Sites Traditional and Modern Methods, Abstract Book of CIPA 2001 International Symposium, Potsdam-Germany, September 18-21, 2001. • THYS-ŞENOCAK, Lucienne, 2000; “Gender and Vision in Ottoman Architecture: The Yeni Valide Complex of Eminönü”, Women, Patronage and Self-presentation in İslamic Societies içinde, ed. D. Fairchild Ruggles, SUNY Binghamton. 26 • THYS-ŞENOCAK, Lucienne, 1999; “Location and Expropriaton: The Case of the Yeni Valide Mosque”, Conference Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Turkish Art içinde, Istanbul. • THYS-ŞENOCAK, Lucienne,1998; “The Yeni Valide Mosque Complex of Eminönü”, Muqarnas, 15, Harvard Journal, 1998:58-70. • THYS-ŞENOCAK, Lucienne, 1994; The Yeni Valide Mosque Complex of Eminönü, Doctorate Thesis, University of Pennsylvania. • TOZ, G. and Wiedeman, A. ,1999 ; Geodetic and Photogrammetric Work of an International Student Team for the Fatih Project, Proceedings of Third TurkishGerman Joint Geodetic Days, Vol.1, pp. 231-239, Istanbul. • ULUÇAY, Çagatay, 1992; Harem II, Turk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, VII. Dizi-Sa.56b, Ankara. • ULUÇAY, Çagatay, 1992; Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları, Turk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, VII. Dizi-Sa.63b, Ankara. • UZUNÇARŞILI, I. Hakkı, 1998; Osmanlı Devletinin Saray Teşkilatı, Turk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, VIII. Dizi-Sa.15b, Ankara. • WEAVER, Martin E., 1993; Conserving Buildings, Guide to Techniques and Materials, John Wiley&Sons Publications. • YETKIN, S. Kemal, 1965; Islam Mimarisi, Ankara Universitesi Basımevi, Ankara. • YOW, Valerie Raleigh, 1994; Recording Oral History, Sage Publications, London. ▪ LINKS The selected links of the related diciplines, organizations and similar projects ; http://www.metu.edu.tr/home/wwwkerk (official site of Kerkenez Project-ODTU) http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/troia (official site of Troy Excavation) http://catal.arch.cam.ac.uk/catal (official site of Çatalhöyük Excavation) http://www.selcukephesus.gen.tr/ (official site of Ephesus Excavation) http://tayproject.org/ (official site of “Türkiye Arkeolojik Yerleşimleri” Project) http://www.sah.org/ (official site of Society of Architectural Historians) http://www.tarihvakfi.org.tr/ (official site of Tarih Vakfı) http://cipa.uibk.ac.at/wg6.html (official site of “CIPA-Working Group 6”) http://www.kultur.gov.tr/ (offical site of Turkish Ministry of Culture) http://www.yem.net/ (official site of Yapı Endüstri Merkezi) http://www.maxvanberchem.org/ (official site of Max Van Berchem Foundation) http://web.turnet.net.tr/ (official site of Çanakkale Governorship) http://www.open.gov.uk/pro/prohome.htm (official site of Public Record Office-London) ▪ SPONSORS It is due to generosity of the Dr. M. Aylwin Cotton Foundation in England, Foundation Max van Berchem in Switzerland (a foundation which supports archaeological and epigraphic researh of İslamic Architecture), the National Endowment of the Humanities (NEH) in USA, the American Research Institute in Turkey, Leica Computer Systems and Technical Services and the Vehbi Koç Foundation that we were able to accomplish as much as we 27 did over the past five years. All members of the Seddülbahir-Kumkale team give our sincere thanks to our sponsors. We would also like to thank the Turkish Ministry of Culture, the Director of Museums and Monuments and the Ministry of Defense for granting our team permission to research the sites of Seddülbahir and Kumkale. Particular thanks goes to the Archaeology Museum of Çanakkale and its Director, and our representatives from the Ministry of Culture who have all assisted us greatly. Thanks To; • Dr. M. Aylwin Cotton Foundation in England • American Research Institute in Turkey • Foundation Max van Berchem from Switzerland • National Endowment for the Humanities from USA • Vehbi Koç Foundation in Turkey • Leica - Sistem Bilgisayar for providing the high technology geodetic surveying equipments Special thanks to; • The Turkish Ministry of Culture • The Turkish Ministry of Defense • The officers and soldiers at Kumkale • Yuksel and Nazmi Fındık from the Kale Pension at Seddulbahir