devshirme - sherryscomp12b
Transkript
devshirme - sherryscomp12b
• • • • • • • Founded after the Battle of Malazgirt (1071) Artuklu (Diyarbakır, Hasankeyf, Mardin, Silvan, Harput) Danishmend (Sivas, Malatya, Kayseri, Tokat, Amasya; 1071-1178) Dilmachoğlu (covering Bitlis and Erzurum; 1085-1192) İ l l (short-lived; İnaloğlu ( h li d centered d iin Diyarbakır) i b k ) Mengüdjek (Erzincan, Kemah, Divriği; 1071 - mid 13th century) Saltuklu (centered in Erzurum; 1092-1202) Founded after the Battle of Köse Dağ (1275) • Alaiye (Alanya; 1293-1471) • Aydınoğlu (Aydın and İzmir; 1300-1425) • Candaroğlu (Kastamonu; 13th century) • Germiyan (Kütahya; 1300-1429) • Menteşe - (Milas; 1261-1414) • Osmanoğlu O ğl (Ottomans) (Ott ) (Bursa) (B ) • Pervaneoğlu (Sinop) • Sahipata (Afyon; 1275-1341) • Teke (centered in Antalya; 1321-1423) 1321 1423) : – Yearlong mostly moderate climate – Abundant pasturelands and farmlands : : : – Fluid, independent, competitive alliances – Motivations for group formations: • what constitutes “us”? – Motivations for expansion: • This world or the other (or both)? : : – Understanding the importance of Sufis • Sufis as integral members of tribes • A slightly modified religious core : : – Iqta Iqta‛ or Tuyul or Timar: Land for cavalry • Peasant, timar holder, sultan: checks and balances – Urban environment: guilds g • Master – apprentice system • Guild masters and administrators – Pastoral environment: man and land : : – Material gains and their distribution – Sufis, S fi religious li i motivation ti ti and d common identity id tit • Common enemy: “the infidel” • Common task: raid against the infidel (gaza) • Common identity: gazi – Fluidity • Bayezid I and devshirmes (slave or civil servants) – – – – – – Kul – devshirme K l – ghulam h l d hi A Sufi-approved system A practical solution to an enlarging empire Loyalty, loyalty, loyalty Giving g timar to the devshirme: sensitive p point Kuls vs. gazis • Battle of Ankara (1402) – Timur vs. Bayezid I – Bayezid taken hostage • Ottoman territories divided • Significant wave off migration i ti toward the B lk Balkans and devshirmes (slave or civil servants) – – – – – – Kul – devshirme K l – ghulam h l d hi A Sufi-approved system A practical solution to an enlarging empire Loyalty, loyalty, loyalty Giving g timar to the devshirme: sensitive p point Kuls vs. gazis – – – – A new empire after 1453 Abandoning the gaza: An emperor of kuls Kaiser of Rum Caliph (not the only one) – Askeri: Military and administrative personnel: distribute wealth, accommodate demands – Re‛aya: peasants, urban population, tax-base: protect, allow limited freedom – Devshirme Janissaries vs. vs Cavalries of Gazis – Distributing justice • Legal hierarchy by 16th century – Controlling g the Sufi dervishes • Sufi orders under state control by 16th century – Religious tolerance and the millet system • A tenuous balance in danger – Old Timar holders gaining power: why? – Janissary y becoming g a threat: why? y – Religious groups gain prominence: why? – “Distributative-accomodative” state in crisis – Conclusion: Mediating becomes difficult • Transformation of the Mediterranean trade – A new “imagining” imagining of the world