Sweden - IEA Wind
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Sweden - IEA Wind
Sweden Section II Chapter 18 Sweden 18.1INTRODUCTION Theyear2003wasayearofchangesin theeconomicsofwindpowerinSweden. Theinvestmentsubsidyprogram,which hasbeenrunningsince1991withvarying levelsexpiredattheendoftheyear.Sodid small-scalesupport.Thesesubsidieswere replacedbymarket-basedsupport,asystem usingelectricitycertificates.Thenational targetforplanneddeployment(asopposed toactualproduction)ofwindpowerwas setto10TWhin2015.Inordertomeetthis target,planningofnewplantswillmainlybe focusedonoffshoresites. 18.2NATIONALPOLICY Duringthe1990s,theSwedishelectricity markethasbeenreformedinseveral steps.Since1January1996,Swedenhas hadaderegulatedelectricitymarket.The objectivesofthereformweretoincreasethe freedomofchoiceforelectricityconsumers andcreateconditionsforgreaterpressureon pricesandcostsintheelectricitysupply. Sweden’senergypolicy,asdecidedbythe SwedishParliamentin1997,istoprovide secureshort-termsuppliesofelectricity orotherenergyoncompetitiveterms.The country’senergypolicyisintendedtocreate conditionsforefficientuseandcost-efficient supplyofenergy–withminimumadverse effectonhealth,theenvironment,and climate–whileatthesametimeassistingthe movetowardsanecologicallysustainable society. International Energy Agency ConsiderablechallengesfaceSweden inthefuture.Thedecisiontophase-out nuclearpower,thecommitmenttoreduce greenhousegasemissionsinlinewiththe KyotoProtocol,andthelimitationsonfurther expansionofhydropowerresourcesmake thedevelopmentandmarketintroduction ofalternativeenergysources,aswellas successfulenergyefficiencymeasures,of crucialimportance.Windenergyisoneof thekeyelementsinthetransformationofthe powersystem. During2002,theparliamentdecidedto establishaplanningtargetforwindpower. Thetargetissetatanelectricityproduction fromwindpowerof10TWhin2015, providedthattheeconomicconditionsfor windpowerinvestmentswillbesufficient. Theplanningtargetshouldbeseenasa markofalevelofambitionregardingthe creationofopportunitiesforafuturewind powerdevelopment. Strategy Anextensiveenergypolicyprogramstarted in1998inordertofacilitatetherestructuring anddevelopmentoftheenergysystem. Themaindriverofthisworkisintheform ofasubstantiallong-termconcentrationon R,D&Dofnewenergytechnology.More than1billioneurohasbeenallocatedtothe program,whichconsistsoftwoparts. Thefirstpartlastssevenyearsandisan R,D&Dprogramaimedatpromoting renewableenergysources,newconversion, andend-useenergytechnologies.Theselongtermeffortswillfocusonnewtechnology developmentofbiofuel-firedcombinedheat andpower;biofuelsupplyandashrecycling; newprocessesforethanolfromforestryraw materials;alternativemotorfuels;windpower; andsolarandenergyefficiencyinbuildings, 211 National Activities industry,andthetransportsector.Thispart endsin2004. Thesecondpartoftheenergyprogramisto replacetheelectricityproductionlossofabout 4TWhfromBarsebacknuclearpowerplant. Afive-year,short-termsubsidiaryprogram wasfinalizedin2002.Thisprogrampromotes energyefficiencyandelectricityproduction fromrenewableenergysources,suchas biofuels,wind,andsmallhydropowerplants. Thetotalcostforthetwo-parteffortis1.07 billioneuro,ofwhich0.6billioneuroare allocatedtothelong-termR,D&Dprogram. Theresponsibleauthorityfortransforming theSwedishenergysupplysystemintoan ecologicallysustainablesystemistheSwedish EnergyAgency,whichwasformedon1 January1998. Inregardtowindenergy,thegovernmentis supportingthedevelopmentandinstallation ofwindturbinesintwoeffortsmanaged bytheSwedishEnergyAgency.Theyareas follows: 1.AnR&Dprogramwithathree-year budgetofapproximately90millionSwedish Krone(SEK)for2002to2004 2.Aprojecttosupporttechnicaldevelopments,inco-operationwithmarket introduction,forlarge-scaleplantsoffshore andplantsinarticareas(beganin2003with abudgetof350millionSEKandwillrunfor fiveyears) Theutilitiesareengagedinstudies, demonstration,andevaluationprojects.From 1994,theR&Dactivitiesofutilitiesarecocoordinatedinajointlyownedcompany, ElforskAB,whichinitiatesprojectsandfinds sponsorsinthefieldofpowergeneration.In additiontotheactivitiesofElforskAB,the largestutility,VattenfallAB,hasawindenergy developmentprogramofitsown. 212 ProgressTowardsNationalTargets Thetargetofafive-yearinvestmentsubsidy program(1998to2002)wastoreachan annualwindelectricityproductionof0.5 TWh,whichwasmanagedin2002.For differentreasons,theprogramwasextended intimeandresourcesandcametoanendin 2003. 18.3COMMERCIALIMPLEMENTATION InstalledCapacity Theexpansionoftheannualpower generationfromwindturbines(inGWh) andtheinstalledcapacity(inMW)at31 DecembereachyearinSwedenisshownin Figure18.1andFigure18.2. RatesandTrendsinDeployment Attheendof2003,thetotalinstalledwind powercapacityinSwedenwas399MW,an increaseof54MWfromthepreviousyear (a16%increase).During2003,thenumber ofwindturbinesincreasedby9%to55, creatingatotalof675turbines.Windpower generationduring2003was690GWh (preliminary),anincreaseof13%since2002 (609GWh).Theyear2003wasalow-wind yearinSweden,92%ofanormalwindyear. Thegenerationrecalculatedtoanormalyear is750GWh. ContributiontoNationalEnergyDemand Windpowercontributestothenational energydemandwith0.4%ofthetotal electricityproduction.SeeTable18.1for thetotalinstalledelectricitycapacityand generationinSweden. IEA Wind 2003 Annual Report Sweden Figure 18.1 Wind power generation (GWh) 18.4MARKETDEVELOPMENTAND STIMULATION generatorsof1,500kWendedin2003as well. MainSupportInitiativesandMarket StimulationIncentives Thesetwosupportsystemswerereplacedby anew,market-basedsystemwithtradable electricitycertificates(Elcertifikat)on1May 2003.Thecertificatesystemwillmovethe costforsupportingrenewablesfromthe publictreasurytoelectricityconsumers. In2003,theSwedishEnergyAgency launchedaprojecttosupporttechnical developments,inco-operationwithmarket introduction,forlarge-scaleplantsoffshore andplantsinarticareas.Thebudgetis350 millionSEK,andtheprojectwillrunforfive years. Theinvestmentsubsidyprogramforwind power(1998to2002)hadthepurposeof stimulatingthemarketforwindpower. Duringthelifetimeoftheprogram,thelevel ofsubsidieschangedfrom15%to10%of theinvestmentcost.Theresourcesinthe programwereallallocatedin2003,andthe programended.Thegrantedsubsidiesfor 2003were83millionSEK.Theseprojects hadacapacityof89MW.Anothersupport –“small-scaleelectricitysupport–”for International Energy Agency TheSwedishNationalEnergyAgencyis responsiblefortheadministrationofthe certificatesystemandwillevaluatethe systemduring2004.TheSwedishNational Gridcompany,SvenskaKraftnät,issues electricitycertificatestotheoperatorsof approvedpowerplantsforwind,solar,small hydro(maximumof1,500kW),biomass, andnewhydro.Existing,largehydropower (about65TWh/yr)isexcludedfromthe electricitycertificatesystem.Different renewablescompetewitheachotheron themarket,andonecertificatewillbe issuedforeachmegawatt-hourofelectricity 213 National Activities Figure 18.2 Wind power capacity (MW) generated.Fromnowon,theoperatorwill havetwoproductsonthemarket:electricity andelectricitycertificates.Theycanbesold independentofeachother. certificatepriceduringthatyear,buta maximumof0.175SEK/kWhfor2003anda maximumof0.240SEK/kWhfor2004. UnitCostReduction Thesystemincludesacompulsoryquota onelectricityconsumers.Thefirstyear itwillbe7.4%,whichmeansthat,by law,electricityconsumersmustbuy certificatesthatcorrespondto7.4%of theirelectricityconsumptionduringthat year.Theelectricity-intensiveindustrywill beexcludedfromthequotademand.In addition,aguaranteepriceoftheelectricity certificatesissetduringtheyears2003 to2007.Thepricein2003was0.06 SEK/kWh.Thequotawillbeincreasedby theparliamenteveryyear,andthequota for2010isplannedtobeabout17%. Thesanctiontobepaidtothestatefor consumersandelectricitysuppliersthatdo notfulfilltheirquotademandisdecidedby theparliamenttobe150%oftheaverage 214 Fundamentalresearchatseveraluniversities, inco-operationwithdevelopersof windprojectsandmanufacturers,are continuouslybeingcarriedoutinorderto reduceproductioncost. 18.5DEPLOYMENTANDCONSTRAINTS WindTurbinesDeployed Theaveragecapacityofturbinesinstalledin 2003wasabout980kW.Withareducedcost ofproduction,incombinationwiththenew electricitycertificatesystem,areasonable conditionforfurtherdevelopmentisexpected. IEA Wind 2003 Annual Report Sweden OperationalExperience AccordingtoSwedishwindturbinemonthly andannualstatistics,theaverageavailability during2002was97.9%.Thesamedatafor 2001was98.2%.From1996to2000,the averageavailabilitywas98.4%. MainConstraintsonMarketDevelopment Theprocessfromplanninganewpower planttoactualproductionisverytime consuming,especiallyforoffshoreprojects, wherefundamentalworkandmoneymust bespentonenvironmentalstudies. Publicattitudestowindpower,especially itsimpactonthelandscape,isasignificant factorthatinfluencespracticallyevery windproject.Otherenvironmentalaspects –suchasnoiseemissionandimpacton wildlife,bothonshoreandoffshore–are ontheagendaintheprocessofobtaining planningandproductionpermits.Extensive researchhasbeencarriedout,andstillis, inthisareaofinterest.Theaimistocome toanagreementonhowwindmillscanbe properlyintegratedintheenvironment. Restrictionsfromthemilitaryhavealso stoppedmanywindprojects.Themilitary seesrisksfordisturbancesofmilitary microwavelinks,radar,intelligence activities,andaircraftatlowaltitudes.A researchprojectisaimingtocreateareliable modelofthedisturbancewindturbines causeonthemilitarymicrowavelinks, radar,andintelligenceactivities.Thusfar, theresultsshowthatthedisturbancedue towindturbinesonradarhasbeenquite overestimated.Newruleswillfacilitate deploymentnearsuchmilitaryactivities. Duetoheavyinvestmentsinvolvedinlargescaleoffshoreprojects,amarketconstraint maybetheabilitytogettheactualfunding fortheproject.Mostlarge-scaleprojects willrequireso-calledprojectfinancing asafinancialsolution,whichrequiresa long-termforecastregardingrevenueflow (i.e.,theelectricitypriceandtheelectricity certificate).Thisimpliesthatthemarketbasedsystemwithcertificatesmustbea trustworthyandlong-termsystem. 8.6ECONOMICS TrendsinInvestment Duringtheyears1998to2001, approximately400millionSEK/yrwas investedinerectingwindturbines.The 2002 MW 2002 TWh 2003 MW 16,097 66.0 16,097 53.0 Nuclear power 9,424 65.6 9,424 65.0 Thermal power production (CHP, cold condensing, GT) 6,374 11.2 6,374 13.0 345 0.6 399 Hydropower Wind power Net import Total 5.4 32,234 148.8 2003 TWh 0.6 14.0 32,294 145.6 Table 18.1 Total installed electricity capacity and generation in Sweden, 31 December 2002 and 2003 (preliminary) International Energy Agency 215 National Activities investmentsubsidyof15%hadabudget of60millionSEK/yr.Thedecidedextra 40millionSEK/yrfor2001and2002has increasedtheinvestmentsfor2001and 2002to660millionSEK. electricitypriceismainlyduetoalower levelofhydropowergenerationasaresult oflesswaterflowtoreservoirs(Table18.2). Thepriceschargedtovariouscustomer categoriesaredeterminedbytariffsystems, whicharemadeupofamixtureofvariable andfixedcharges. Thenew,market-basedsystemwith electricitycertificatesforrenewable electricitygeneration,whichreplaced theinvestmentsubsidy,hasnotyetbeen evaluated.Sinceithasbeenrunning lessthanayear,itistooearlytodrawa conclusionconcerningitsimpactonthe marketdevelopmentforwindpower. TrendsinUnitCostsofGenerationand Buy-BackPrices TheaverageNordPoolpriceinSweden during2003was0.333SEK/kWh(http: //www.nordpool.no,underElspotandthen MonthlyPrices).Thederegulatedmarket givesthepossibilityfortheturbineowner tosellelectricitytoanycustomer.Since1 November1999,thewindenergyproducers mustcompeteonthesamemarketas conventionalelectricityproducers. ThederegulationoftheSwedishandNordic electricitymarketsin1996initiallyledto lowelectricityprices,butthetrendchanged in2001andpricesincreasedduetospotmarketdevelopment.Consumerspaida significantlyhigherpricein2003compared toafewyearsago,especiallythosewithout afixed-pricecontract.Theincreaseofthe Thebasepriceforelectricitygenerationin Swedenformostproducersisdecidedbythe marketpriceonthemarketplace,NordPool. Sincederegulationin1996,monthlyaverage spotpriceshavevariedbetween0.066SEK/ kWhand0.668SEK/kWh.Annualaverage pricein2001was0.211SEK/kWh,andin 2002itwas0.252SEK/kWh. Typical customer Network services öre1/kWh 2002 2003 Apartment 42.8 43.4 Single-family house without electric heating 37.6 38.2 Single-family house with electric heating 20.9 21.1 Agriculture or forestry 22.2 Small industrial plant 15.4 Change % Electrical energy, öre/kWh 2002 2003 Change % 1.40 35.6 51.9 0.46 1.60 31.6 47.1 0.49 0.96 29.6 44.7 0.51 22.8 2.70 29.3 44.5 0.52 15.4 0.00 28.8 44.3 0.54 Medium-sized industrial plant 28.5 44.8 0.57 Electric-intensive industrial plant 28.3 48 0.70 (Footnotes) 1 100 öre = SEK 1 Table 18.2 Price of network service and electricity, excluding taxes, on 1 January 2003 in sales of electricity to various typical customers (Source: Elmarknaden, ET 10:2003, Swedish Energy Agency) 216 IEA Wind 2003 Annual Report Sweden Ontopofthatmarketprice,thewind turbineownerreceivesbylawareductionof theenergytax,aso-called“environmental bonus,”whichduring2003hasbeen0.181 SEK/kWh.Itisacompensationforthe environmentaladvantagesofwindpower. Thelevelofthisbonuswillgradually decreaseandbereplacedbytheelectricity certificatesystem,andafter2009this bonusisexpectedtobezero.Duringthis time,thebonusforwindturbinesoffshore willbeslightlyhigherthanforonshore. Additionally,therewasatemporarysupport of0.090SEK/kWhforsmall-scaleelectricity producers(toamaximumgeneratorsizeof 1,500kW)until30April2003.Thewind turbineowneralsogetsanincomefrom thenetowner,relatedtothevalueofthe decreasedelectricitynetlosses,whichon averageresultsinabout0.010SEK/kWhto 0.015SEK/kWh. IndustryDevelopmentandStructure Aftertheintroductionofelectricitycertificates on1May2003,windturbineownershave, onaverage,receivedamarkettenderprice andothersupport.Approximatepricesareas follows: Inthebeginningof2002,anR&Dprogram inthewindenergyareastartedwitha three-yearbudgetofapproximately90 millionSEKfor2002to2004.Theresearch activitiesaredividedintofour,goal-oriented categories:(1)moreconfidentassessment ofpowerproduction,(2)cost-effectivewind energyconverters,(3)effectiveintegrationof windpowerintothepowersystem,and(4) betterimpactassessmentsandappropriate planningandregulation.TheIEAStrategy onR&D,publishedin2001,influencedthis subdivision. markettender,0.330SEK/kWh; environmentalbonus,0.181SEK/kWh; electricitycertificates,0.200SEK/kWh; localgridvalue,0.010SEK/kWh; totalaverageof0.721SEK/kWh. 18.7INDUSTRY Severalmanufacturershaveserviceandsales activitiesinSweden,suchasVestas,Enercon, ScanWind,andNordex.Twomanufacturers havedevelopedlargewindturbinesin Sweden:KvaernerTurbinABandNordic WindpowerAB. Manufacturing The3-MWprototypewindturbine,Näsudden II,ontheislandGotlandhasgenerated46.056 GWhby2February2004.Itbeganoperation on1June1993,andthegeneratorhasbeen connectedtothenetworkfor44,909hours. Thisisanewworldrecordforelectricity generationbyasinglewindturbine.The formersimilarrecordwas36.634GWhforthe 3-MWwindturbineatMaglarpinsouthern Sweden(inoperation1982to1993). 18.8GOVERNMENT-SPONSOREDR,D&D TheoverallgoalfortheSwedishwindenergy researchprogramistodeveloptheknowledge withinthewindenergyareatomakeit possibletomanufactureanddevelopwind turbinesandutilizewindenergyefficientlyin theSwedishenergysystem. TheSwedishDefenceResearchAgency (FOI)managestheprogramonbehalfof theSwedishEnergyAgency.Theprogram containsbasicandappliedresearchaswell asdevelopmentprojects.Basicresearchis fullyfinancedbytheSwedishEnergyAgency, whilethelatterrequiresfundingfromindustry. Moreinformationcanbefoundathttp:// www.vindenergi.org. Doesnotapply. International Energy Agency 217 National Activities Priorities Researchwaspreviouslyverytechnology oriented,butinastagewhenmorewind turbinesfitintothelandscape,“softer”issues (e.g.,planning,environmental,acceptance) havebeengivenhigherpriority.Atthesame time,itisimportanttocontinueresearchin theconventionaltechnologyareasinorder toincreaseavailabilityandreducecosts. NewR,D&DDevelopments Abirdstudyhasbeenfinalizedatthe offshorewindpowerplants,Utgrunden andYttreStengrund(inKalmarsund).Radar hasbeenusedtofollowbirdmovement inintensebirdmigrationareasinorderto evaluatepossibleeffectsonseabirds.The studyshowsthatthereisonlyaverysmall riskofcollisionbetweentheseabirdsand thewindmills.Thebirdsavoidthewindmills withamarginof200mormore.Almostno birdshavebeenrecordedinjuredordeadat thewindpowersite. L.Bergdahl,PhD,atChalmersUniversity, Sweden,hasconductedavaluable contributiontotheinternational standardizationworkregardingiceloads onoffshorewindpowerplants.Theproject wasfundedbytheSwedishEnergyAgency throughthethree-yearR&Dprogram previouslymentioned. 1990Nogersundone220-kWturbine 1998Bockstigen-Valarfive500-kWturbines 2000Utgrundenseven1,400-kWturbines 2001YttreStengrundfive2,000-kWturbines Inthesound,Öresund,betweenSweden andDenmark,Eurowindhasreceived governmentalpermissionforanoffshore projectwith48,1.5-MWwindturbines. Westofthecity,Karlskrona,insoutheast Sweden,theutilityVattenfallconducteda feasibilitystudyforanoffshoreprojectwith large(3-MWto4-MW)windturbines.In thecity’spreliminaryoversightplanning,the offshoresiteisplannedforabout100,large MWwindturbines. Duringtheyear,severalotherSwedish offshorewindfarmprojectswerefurther developed,whichareindifferentplanning andstudyphases.Theprojectsareplanned tobelocatedalongtheentirecoastline,but withaconcentrationinthemostsouthern partofSweden.Discussionswithlocaland regionalauthoritiesarebeingcarriedout, andtheoutcomeofthisisdependenton amongotherstheeconomicprerequisitesfor windpoweraswellaspermissionfromthe government(forplantsgreaterthan10MW). Authors:SaraHallert,SwedishEnergy Agency;andKennethAverstad,Vattenfall AB,Sweden OffshoreSiting Thefollowingwindprojectshavebeen commissionedoffshoreinSweden: 218 IEA Wind 2003 Annual Report